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STATE STANDARD
  UNION SSR

SOILS

SAMPLE SELECTION

GOST 28168-89

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

Moscow

STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR

Validity from 04/01/90

until 04/01/95

Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law

This standard applies to sampling from arable land, hayfields, pastures, forest nurseries and establishes methods for their selection during agrochemical examination.

1. BASIC PROVISIONS

1.1. Sampling during agrochemical examination of soils is carried out throughout the growing season. In the fields, areas of hayfields, pastures, forest nurseries, where the dose of applied fertilizers for each species was more than 90 kg a.a. on 1 ha, samples are taken after 2 months after fertilizing.

1.2. The cartographic basis for sampling is the land use plan of the farm with the elements of on-farm land management plotted on it and the boundaries of the soil contours.

When agrochemical examination of the soils of forest nurseries, the cartographic basis is the plan of the nursery with the boundaries of fields and soil contours plotted on it.

1.3. The scale of the cartographic basis should correspond to the scale of soil maps of the territory under study.

1.4. After reconnaissance inspection of the territory subject to agrochemical inspection, a grid of elementary sections of a specified size is applied to the cartographic base. An elementary plot is the smallest area that can be characterized by a single combined sample of the soil.

1.5. If possible, the shape of the elementary section should approach a rectangular one with an aspect ratio of not more than 1: 2. For forest nurseries, the elementary site is the nursery field. Each elementary site is assigned a serial number.

1.6. The maximum allowable sizes of elementary plots on non-eroded and weakly eroded rainfed and irrigated arable soils should be no more than those indicated in the table.

1.7. On medium- and highly eroded sod-podzolic and gray forest soils, the size of the elementary site should be 1-2 ha, on chernozems and chestnut soils - 3 ha. On long-term cultural pastures, the size of the elementary plot corresponds to the area of \u200b\u200bthe pen. On improved hayfields and pastures, the size of the elementary plot corresponds to the area of \u200b\u200bthe elementary plot of arable land adopted for each zone. The size of the elementary plot in forest nurseries is equal to the area of \u200b\u200bthe nursery field.

2. PREPARATION FOR SOIL SELECTION

2.1. On rainfed lands, a grid of elementary plots is applied by continuous overlay on all agricultural land subject to agrochemical inspection.

2.2. On irrigated lands with an open drainage network, elementary plots are located between drains. In closed drainage areas, elementary sections have a long side across the interspiration. On the irrigated lands of cotton-growing and rice-growing areas, elementary plots are located along the entire width of the irrigation map.

2.3. On a cartographic basis, within each selected elementary area, a route route is laid. On non-eroded and weakly eroded soils, a route course is laid in the middle of the elementary section along its long side. On medium- and highly eroded soils located on a slope longer than 200 m, route passages are laid along the slope, on shorter ones - across the slope. In the fields of forest nurseries route courses are laid diagonally on the field.

3. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

Reed drills BP-25-15 or similar drills with the same metrological characteristics.

Shovels bayonet.

Linen bags, polyethylene or paper bags, cardboard boxes.

Labels.

The basis is cartographic.

4. Sampling

4.1. The territory intended for examination is divided into elementary sections in accordance with the grid of elementary sections and the distance between point samples is determined.

4.2. Spot samples are taken with a drill. On compacted soils, spot sampling with a shovel is allowed.

4.3. Point samples are not allowed to be taken near roads, heaps of organic and mineral fertilizers, ameliorants, from the bottom of breakup furrows, in areas that differ sharply in the best or worst condition of plants.

4.4. Within each elementary site, point samples are taken evenly along the route course at equal intervals. In forest nurseries - in fields occupied by seedlings and seedlings, spot samples are taken on beds between sowing rows or rows of planting seedlings.

4.5. On arable soils, point samples are taken to the depth of the arable layer, on hayfields and pastures to the depth of the humus-accumulative horizon, but not deeper than 10 cm.

4.6. Of the point samples taken from the elementary site, the combined sample is made up.

4.7. If several soil contours are located within the elementary site, then the combined samples are taken from the prevailing contour.

4.8. Depending on the variegation of the agrochemical parameters of soils identified by the results of the previous agrochemical examination, each combined sample is made up of 20-40 point ones.

4.9. The mass of the combined sample should be at least 400 g.

4.10. The pooled samples taken together with the label are placed in bags or boxes.

4.11. On the label of the combined sample indicate:

1) the name of the organization conducting the survey;

2) region;

3) district;

4) economy;

5) the number of the combined sample;

6) date of sampling;

7) the name of the performer;

8) designation of this standard.

4.12. The number of the combined sample should correspond to the number of the elementary plot or the number of the field nursery.

4.13. The combined samples taken during the day are dried in opened bags or boxes in a dry, ventilated room.

4.14. After the completion of sampling of the combined samples in the household, an accompanying statement is made in two copies (see the appendix) and sent for analysis. One copy of the sheet is attached to the samples, the second remains with the specialist conducting the agrochemical examination.

Sample Numbers

Note

Designation of this standard

personal signature Full name

INFORMATION DATA

1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the USSR State Agro-Industrial Committee

STANDARD DEVELOPERS

M.A. Florinskycand. geographer. of sciences ; A.N. Poles,dr. biol. of sciences ; V.N. Kuraevcand. S.-kh. of sciences ; G.M. Neshumov,cand. tech. of sciences ; N.M. Sudarkin

2. APPROVED AND IMPLEMENTED BY Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated June 26, 89 No. 2004

3. The term of the first inspection is 1993,

inspection frequency - 5 years

4. FIRST TIME INTRODUCED

PROTECTION OF NATURE

SOILS

SAMPLING AND PREPARATION METHODS
  FOR CHEMICAL, BACTERIOLOGICAL,
  HELMINTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

GOST 17.4.4.02-84

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

Moscow

STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR

Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated December 19, 1984 No. 4731 established the date of introduction

01.01.86

This International Standard establishes methods for sampling and preparing soil samples of natural and disturbed composition for chemical, bacteriological and helminthological analysis.

The standard is intended to control general and local pollution of soils in areas affected by industrial, agricultural, household and transport sources of pollution, when assessing the quality of soils, and also when monitoring the condition of the fertile layer intended for land cultivation of unproductive lands.

The standard does not apply to the control of pollution that occurs as a result of fugitive emissions, breakthrough of treatment facilities and in other emergency situations.

1. APPARATUS, MATERIALS, REAGENTS

Soil knives according to GOST 23707-79.

Knives made of polyethylene or polystyrene.

Soil drills.

4 to 6 temperature refrigerator ° FROM.

Refrigerators bags.

General purpose laboratory balance in accordance with GOST 24101-80 with a maximum load of 200 and 1000 g.

The ditches are enameled.

Glass crystallizers.

Soil sieves with a grid of 0.25; 0.5; 1; 3 mm according to GOST 3584-73.

Laboratory glass alcoholics in accordance with GOST 10090-74.

Porcelain mortars and pestles in accordance with GOST 9147-80.

Mortars and pestles are jasper, agate or fused corundum.

Wide-necked glass bottles or jars with ground stoppers with a capacity of 300, 500, 800, 1000 cm 3.

Jars or boxes made of food-grade polyethylene or polystyrene.

Metal spatulas in accordance with GOST 19126-79.

Plastic spatulas in accordance with GOST 19126-79.

Oilcloth is medical.

Tracing paper in accordance with GOST 892-70.

Cloth bags.

Plastic bags and film.

Parchment according to GOST 2995-73.

Sterilized cotton-gauze swabs.

Cardboard boxes.

Hydrochloric acid according to GOST 3118-77, analytical grade, solution with a mass fraction of 3 and 10%.

Sodium hydroxide according to GOST 4328-77.

Technical rectification alcohol in accordance with GOST 18300-72.

Technical formalin according to GOST 1625-75, the highest grade, solution with a mass fraction of 3%.

Sampling for chemical, bacteriological and helminthological analyzes is carried out at least 1 time per year. To control pollution by heavy metals, sampling is carried out at least 1 time in 3 years.

To control the pollution of soils of kindergartens, medical institutions and recreation areas, sampling is carried out at least 2 times a year - in spring and autumn.

When studying the dynamics of self-cleaning, sampling is carried out during the first month weekly, and then monthly during the growing season until the completion of the active phase of self-cleaning.

2.2. In the territory subject to control, reconnaissance trips are conducted. According to the reconnaissance visit and on the basis of the available documentation, fill out the passport of the surveyed area in accordance with the mandatory and make a description of the soil in accordance with the recommended.

When controlling the pollution of soils by industrial enterprises, trial plots are marked along the vectors of the "wind rose".

If the terrain is heterogeneous, the test sites are located on the relief elements.

The maps or plans are marked with the location of the source of pollution, test sites, and point sampling locations. Test sites are located in accordance with GOST 17.4.3.01-83.

2.3. Trial sites are laid in areas with uniform soil and vegetation cover, as well as taking into account the economic use of the main soil differences. Description of the test site is done in accordance with the mandatory.

2.3.1. To control the pollution of soils of agricultural lands, depending on the nature of the source of pollution, cultivated crops and terrain for every 0.5-20.0 hectares of the territory lay at least 1 test site with a size of at least 10 ´ 10 m

2.3.2. To control the sanitary state of the soil in the zone of influence of an industrial source of pollution, test sites are laid on an area equal to 3 times the size of the sanitary protection zone.

2.3.3. To control the sanitary condition of soils in the territory where kindergartens, playgrounds, cesspools, garbage bins and other objects occupying small areas are located, the size of the trial site should be no more than 5 ´ 5 m

3. SOIL SAMPLING

3.1. Point samples are taken on the test site from one or more layers or horizons using the envelope method, diagonally or in any other way so that each sample is part of the soil typical of genetic horizons or layers of a given soil type. The number of point samples must comply with GOST 17.4.3.01-83.

Spot samples are taken with a knife or putty knife from digging or with a soil drill.

3.2. A pooled sample is made by mixing point samples taken at the same test site.

3.3. For chemical analysis, a combined sample is made up of at least five point samples taken from one test site. The mass of the combined sample must be at least 1 kg.

To control pollution by surface-distributed substances — oil, oil products, heavy metals, etc. — point samples are taken in layers from 0-5 and 5-20 cm depths with a mass of not more than 200 g each.

To control pollution by easily migrating substances, point samples are taken along genetic horizons to the entire depth of the soil profile.

3.3.1. When sampling spot samples and compiling a combined sample, the possibility of secondary contamination should be excluded.

Spot soil samples for the determination of heavy metals are taken with a metal-free tool. Before taking point samples, the prikopka wall or core surface should be cleaned with a knife made of polyethylene or polystyrene or with a plastic spatula.

Spot soil samples designed for the determination of volatile chemicals should be immediately placed in bottles or glass jars with ground stoppers, filling them all the way to the stoppers.

Spot soil samples for pesticides should not be taken in plastic or plastic containers.

3.4. For bacteriological analysis, 10 combined samples are made from one test site. Each combined sample is made up of three point samples weighing from 200 to 250 g each, taken in layers from a depth of 0-5 and 5-20 cm.

3.4.1. Soil samples intended for bacteriological analysis, in order to prevent their secondary contamination, should be taken under aseptic conditions: taken with a sterile instrument, mixed on a sterile surface, placed in a sterile container.

3.5. For helminthological analysis, one combined sample of 200 g each, composed of ten point samples weighing 20 g each, taken in layers from a depth of 0-5 and 5-10 cm is taken from each test site. If necessary, samples are taken from deep soil layers in layers or by genetic horizons.

3.6. All pooled samples must be logged and numbered. For each sample, an accompanying coupon must be filled in accordance with the mandatory.

3.7. In the process of transportation and storage of soil samples, measures must be taken to prevent the possibility of their secondary contamination.

3.8. Soil samples for chemical analysis are dried to an air-dry state according to GOST 5180-75. Air-dried samples are stored in cloth bags, in cardboard boxes or in glass containers.

Soil samples designed to determine volatile and chemically unstable substances are delivered to the laboratory and analyzed immediately.

3.9. Soil samples intended for bacteriological analysis are packaged in cooler bags and immediately delivered to the laboratory for analysis. If it is impossible to conduct an analysis within one day, soil samples are stored in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 5 ° With no more than 24 hours

When analyzing E. coli and enterococci, soil samples are stored in the refrigerator for no more than 3 days.

3.10. Soil samples intended for helminthological analysis are delivered to the laboratory for analysis immediately after collection. If it is impossible to immediately carry out the analysis, the samples are stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 to 5 ° FROM.

For research on eggs of biohelminths, the soil is stored without treatment for no more than 7 days., For research on eggs of geohelminths - no more than 1 month. When storing samples to prevent drying out and development of larvae in eggs of geohelminthes, the soil is moistened and aerated once a week, for which the samples are removed from the refrigerator and left for 3 hours at room temperature, moistened with water as moisture is lost and again placed in the refrigerator for storage.

If it is necessary to store soil samples for more than a month, preservatives are used: the soil is poured into the mold, filled with a formalin solution with a mass fraction of 3% prepared on an isotonic sodium chloride solution with a mass fraction of 0.85% (Barbagallo liquid), or with hydrochloric acid solution with a mass fraction 3% and then put in the refrigerator.

4. PREPARATION FOR ANALYSIS

ANNEX 1

Mandatory

PASSPORT OF THE SURVEY

APPENDIX 2

Mandatory

TRIAL SITE DESCRIPTION FORM

APPENDIX 3

Mandatory

SUPPORT TALON

APPENDIX 4

SOIL DESCRIPTION FORM

INTRODUCTION

In the modern world, the problem of preserving not only soils, but also biodiversity, including human health, is directly related to the deterioration of the environmental situation. For timely assessment of the state of the environment, an environmental monitoring system has been created, including chemical, physical and biological methods for assessing the quality of the environment.

The urgency of the problem of soil pollution is due to the fact that from year to year the anthropogenic impact on the environment increases. At the moment, the need to maintain soil has grown, especially in urban environments. World food production is constantly growing and this requires not only conservation, but also a continuous increase in soil fertility. Every soil has one or another fertility, but if you constantly only remove nutrients from it and do not introduce organic and mineral fertilizers, then fertility will drop. Since ancient times, people have learned to distinguish soil types by color, structure and other external indicators, some of which are more favorable for growing plants, while others are not at all suitable for agricultural and other activities. Soil conservation is vital to humans. Soil plays the role of a biological neutralizer of various contaminants, is an essential component of the planet’s biosphere. Modern soil cover has been formed over millennia.

There are two types of soil pollution - man-made and natural. Natural soil pollution occurs as a result of natural processes in the biosphere that take place without human intervention and lead to chemicals entering the soil from the atmosphere, lithosphere or hydrosphere, for example, as a result of weathering of rocks or precipitation in the form of rain or snow, washing polluting ingredients from atmosphere.

Anthropogenic pollution of the soil, especially of technogenic origin, is most dangerous for natural ecosystems and humans. The most common pollutants are pesticides, fertilizers, heavy metals and other industrial substances. Mostly pollutants come to the soil from atmospheric precipitation (rain, snow, etc.), with the discharge of solid and liquid wastes of industrial and domestic origin and when using pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural production. The soil can pollute the environment, since, accumulating harmful substances in itself, it gradually begins to spread them (with precipitation, wind, etc.).

Soil contamination with substances of hazard class 1, for example, heavy metals, is especially dangerous. They stand out in the production of lead batteries, for example.

Elektrotyaga OJSC (Fig. 1) is the only Russian manufacturer of emergency backup and cyclic lead-acid batteries for submarines.

Figure 1. Sampling location

It is likely that the soil on the territory of the enterprise, as well as nearby areas, may be contaminated with lead compounds and acids that can accumulate in the soil. The accumulation of these substances in the soil is dangerous not only for plants, but also for animals and people. The company is located in the Kirovsky district of St. Petersburg on Kalinina street 50-A. The street runs from the Tarakanovka River to the connecting line of the railway. Further the street continues on the territory of the Kirov plant.

The purpose of the work is to monitor the soils of Electrotyag OJSC using a bio-indicator.

Tasks to accomplish the purpose of the work:

Take soil samples in a given area;

Conduct a chemical analysis of this soil to find pollutants and establish the general condition of the soil;

Analyze the type of soil;

Plant seeds of a bio-indicator watercress on two soil samples;

Compare 2 plant samples, their development, etc.

Draw conclusions about plant pollution in the soil sampling area.

Section 1. Soil Sampling

Soil Sampling Technique

The studies were carried out on the basis of the methodology in accordance with GOST 17.4.4.02-84 "Methods of sampling and preparation of samples for chemical, bacteriological, helminthological analysis": "Sampling is carried out to control soil contamination and assess the quality of soil of natural and disturbed composition." The indicators to be controlled are selected from those specified in GOST 17.4.2.01-81 and GOST 17.42.02-83.

Sampling for chemical, bacteriological and helminthological analyzes is carried out at least 1 time per year. To control pollution by heavy metals, sampling is carried out at least 1 time in 3 years. To control the pollution of soils of kindergartens, medical institutions and recreation areas, sampling is carried out at least 2 times a year - in spring and autumn. When studying the dynamics of self-cleaning, sampling is carried out during the first month weekly, and then monthly during the growing season until the completion of the active phase of self-cleaning. [GOST 17.4.4.02-84]

Soil sampling is extremely important for determining the condition of a territory. Soil pollution can be both very harmless and harmful to human, animal and plant health, and can also lead to the extinction of some plant and animal populations in this territory. Therefore, at each enterprise certain rules must be followed in order to avoid the above environmental situations.

It is also valuable assistance in studying soil changes and preventing certain nutritional problems in crops.

Soil testing is an important tool for assessing its potential and obtaining appropriate fertilizer recommendations. It is also valuable assistance in studying soil changes and preventing certain nutritional problems in crops.

Soil testing gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe suitability of the soil as a medium for plant nutrition. You need to know the soil sampling methodology, sampling time and analysis method to obtain reliable results. The most important thing in the effective use of soil testing is the proper and proper sampling, which will provide accurate soil analysis results, based on which the correct recommendations for fertilizer application will be issued.
This article is about soil sampling. Further information on sampling techniques can be obtained from a specialized laboratory.

When to carry out the selection?

Samples from the fields for spring sowing should be taken after October 1. These samples can be taken in the spring, but then the sampling time can be limited (due to weather conditions). Samples from the fields for winter crops are recommended to be taken a month before sowing. After September 1, you can take samples for grain on fodder, pasture or hay. Samples from problem fields are taken at any time, and they are not recommended to be taken from frozen and flooded soils because of the difficulty in obtaining a representative (averaged) sample.

Where to select?

Heterogeneity (variability) of the soil is the main problem when taking an average soil sample from the field. Soil samples provided for analysis should reflect a chemical portrait of the entire field or part of the field. Therefore, when taking samples from a field where the yield is typically average, the results of soil analyzes for each sample should display a picture with an average indicator characteristic of the entire field.

Tools and soil sampling

Soil samples are taken using a special tool (sampler, probe, drill). The use of such a special tool is necessary when sampling from a depth of more than 15 cm. Take a soil sample in each of 15-20 sites. For special analyzes to assess the amount of nitrogen and sulfur or analysis of samples taken from problem areas, it is allowed to take individual samples from depths greater than 15 cm.
Place selected samples in clean plastic buckets or bags. Keep samples taken from different depths and problem areas separate from each other. After this, the samples must be delivered to a special agrochemical laboratory. Some laboratories provide soil sampling services.

Sample Preparation

The processing of soil samples after selection is as important as the selection itself. Take about 0.5 kg of soil from an existing sample and send it for drying. The sample is dried in a laboratory in special cabinets at a temperature corresponding to natural (35-40 ° C). Laboratories accept raw samples that must be dried on the same day. For several days, samples can also be stored in the refrigerator or frozen if necessary, as well as dried independently at natural temperature.
Contact your laboratory for packaging and all necessary sampling instructions. Fill in the special forms (order sheets) and on the box provided by the laboratory, mark each sample under its name, address, index, field / sample number and the depth from which the sample was taken. Do this on each sample selected for analysis. Provide complete information for each soil sample on the order sheet. If there are any unusual / specific problems in the fields, they should be noted in detail. Leave the final sample plan in the laboratory and with you.

Laboratory analysis

Consult a laboratory regarding their soil studies. The analysis should include soil tests for nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, sulfur, soil acidity (pH), salinity and organic matter content (soil potential). Analyzes are also carried out on micro and macro elements, such as boron, molybdenum, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, cobalt, magnesium and calcium, mechanical composition (particle size distribution).

Sampling methods

Random Sampling (Random)is a traditional method that works for homogeneous fields with slight changes. The method displays the average field indicators, the average number of all samples taken from the entire field area.

Benchmark Sampling   - recommended for fields with a large number of changes on the field (hills, various changes in the relief, etc.). Reference sampling reduces the natural variability of the field, reducing the size of the selected field by dividing it into elementary sections (5-10 ha). Accordingly, after the analysis, recommendations should be given on fertilizer application for each such site.

The reference area should (maybe) be marked using the global positioning system (GPS) or other means in such a way that it would be possible to return to it for sampling and fertilizing. Sampling at the same location will show a picture of annual changes in the field.
The analysis of several separate reference areas in the first year will reduce the risk of obtaining inaccurate values \u200b\u200bfrom the field that do not meet its general indicators. On the other hand, these technologies are more expensive for laboratory analysis. This method helps to determine areas for reference sampling in the future.
When choosing reference samples, use prominent features such as soil color and landscape to identify different types of soil. Choose a site that has features similar to most of the field or the dominant type of soil.
The best time to do soil analysis is after the harvest. At the beginning of the growing season, it is easier to choose the conditions for the formation of the future crop. There are other ways to select potential reference areas.
The process of dividing the field into smaller sections for sampling is necessary for different types of soils within the same field. This approach is especially effective on hilly terrain.
Each site (with a specific culture and field history) should be selected separately. Rate each site by observing changes in yield, crop growth and development, structure, color, erosion, and soil drainage. Select areas of fields where plant growth and development are significantly different from the rest of the field, separately.
Avoid areas with old straw, hay, highly fertilized, with salt spots on the soil, etc. Select 15-20 sampling sites in one study area.

(ST SEV 3847-82)

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

Moscow

DEVELOPED by the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.

CONTRACTORS

S. G. Malakhov,cand. Phys.-Math. sciences;   E. I. Babkina,cand. Chem. sciences;   E.P. Virchenko; L. B. Alekseeva; A. I. Shangina; N. N. Lazareva; S. S. Ruzhitskaya,cand. S.-kh. sciences; E. S. Yanchevskaya; L.G. Leibchik.

INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.

Deputy the chairman   A. C .   Novolotsky.

APPROVED AND IMPLEMENTED BY Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated December 21, 1983 No. 6393.

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR.

Decree No. 6393 of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated December 21, 1983 introduced a deadline

from 07/01/84

until 01/01/89

1. This standard establishes the requirements for soil sampling for general and local pollution.

The terms used in this standard and their explanations are given in the reference appendix.

The standard fully complies with ST SEV 3847-82.

2. Sampling is carried out taking into account the vertical structure, heterogeneity of the soil cover, topography and climate, as well as taking into account the characteristics of pollutants or organisms.

3. Sampling is carried out at test sites laid in such a way as to exclude distortion of the test results under the influence of the environment.

4. If it is necessary to obtain comparative results, samples of unpolluted and contaminated soils are taken under identical natural conditions.

5. In case of general soil contamination, test sites are marked on the grid, indicating their numbers and coordinates.

5.1. Test sites on soils that are supposedly contaminated uniformly are plotted along a grid with equal distances.

5.2. Test plots on soils contaminated presumably unevenly are plotted along a grid with uneven line spacings.

Distances between grid lines are plotted based on the distance from the source of pollution and the prevailing wind direction.

5.3. When soil is contaminated with pathogenic organisms and viruses contained in solid or liquid waste from settlements or livestock breeding complexes, test sites are applied to the grid taking into account the distribution of these substances over the area.

5.4. In case of local soil contamination, a system of concentric circles located at differentiated distances from the source of pollution is used to determine the test sites, indicating the number of circles and the azimuth of the sampling location. In the direction of the main distribution of pollutants, the system of concentric circles is continued in the form of a segment, the size of which depends on the degree of spread of pollution.

6. Samples are taken along the profile from soil horizons or layers so that in each case the sample is part of the soil typical of genetic horizons or layers of a given soil type.

In the study of soil pollution of agricultural land by pathogenic organisms and viruses, samples are taken from the arable horizon from a depth of 0 to 5 cm and from 5 to 20 cm.

7. Depending on the purpose of the study, the size of the test site, the number and type of sample should correspond to those indicated in the table.

7.1. If the thickness of the horizon or layer exceeds 40 cm, at least 2 samples are taken separately from different depths.

7.2. The mass of the combined sample must be at least 1 kg.

7.3. Monoliths should be selected with a volume of at least 100 cm 3.

8. Samples for the detection of pathogenic organisms and viruses should be taken in accordance with aseptic rules that exclude secondary contamination.

9. The selected samples must be numbered and registered in the journal, indicating the following data: serial number and place of sampling, terrain, type of soil, intended purpose of the territory, type of pollution, date of sampling.

10. Samples should have a label indicating the place and date of sampling, the number of soil section, soil difference, horizon and depth of sampling, the name of the researcher.

11. Packing, transportation and storage of samples is carried out depending on the purpose and method of analysis.

11.1. Samples taken for chemical analysis should be packaged, transported and stored in containers of chemically neutral material.

11.2. Samples intended for analysis on the content of volatile chemicals should be placed in glass jars with ground stoppers.

11.3. Samples taken to determine the physical properties of the soil should preserve the structure of the soil. When the content of the skeletal part of the soil exceeds 10% of the volume, the surface of the monoliths should be covered with paraffin or other protective materials.

11.4. Samples analyzed for the presence of pathogenic organisms and viruses must be packaged, transported and stored in sterile containers.

12. For biological examination, as well as to determine the presence of metabolizable chemicals, the samples are analyzed within 5 hours after collection.

Sample analysis is allowed for 2 days, provided that their storage temperature did not exceed 4 ° C.

It is allowed to analyze samples for biohelmintic eggs for 7 days and for geohelmintic eggs for 1 month, provided that storage prevents drying and development of larvae in helminth eggs.

ATTACHMENT
  Reference

TERMS USED IN THIS STANDARD, AND THEIR EXPLANATIONS