Competitions on the run are caused by great interest, and horsepower races have long been considered a very spectacular event. But in both cases it is fairly easy to determine the speed of movement of both athletes-runners and horses. After all, for this there is a line of start and finish, besides, various accurate devices come to the rescue. But how, asks, you can measure the speed flying in the sky?

For example, it is believed that the haircuts living in India develop speed up to 272 kilometers per hour, their relatives from Mesopotamia are not so ram and fly only at a speed of only 160 kilometers per hour. With the help of the stopwatch, it was possible to determine the speed of Falola's flight: 264-288 kilometers per hour. But here as far as these figures are accurate - unknown. Many

scientists argue that birds can not develop such a speed at all and that there are pouring more or lessaccurate valuable about speed and flights of alone. Keta! And, the biggest speed reaches up to 11 kilometer per hour.

Let's list some of the generally accepted digits. So, falcons, ducks and geese, according to proven data, fly at a speed of 104-120 kilometers per hour.

Strips living in Europe are flying at a speed of 95-104, hummingbirds - 90- 96 kilometers per hour. Flight speed - 70-80, swallows - 40 kilometers per hour. But, according to some data, swallows can develop speed up to 75-80 kilometers per hour. The same can be said about the crow, the average flight speed of which is 40-48 kilometers per hour, but if necessary, these birds can increase their speed up to 60-70 kilometers per hour. Herons and Pheasants develop speed up to 55-65, caps - 40-48 kilometers per hour. And what is the most amazing, robust turkey, it turns out, just the record holder. After all, they fly at a speed of 50-56 kilometers per hour.

Lesson on the topic
"The cause and value of the warm-bloodedness of birds"

When studying the topic "Bird Class" guys first get acquainted with such an important concept as warm-blooded. It is very important that students understand that maintaining a constant body temperature is ensured by the interaction of a number of physiological systems of the body. Good knowledge of this material is necessary to explain complex evolutionary and environmental problems.

Teacher.

- Guys, why in winter in the forest of birds less than in the summer?
(Estimated Answers: Little Food or His at all(for insectivore birds), a lot of snow, cold.)
- Can the feathers protect birds in winter from frost? ( Maybe but only partially.)
The main questions that we must answer during today's lesson: what does the bird body warm? How do they support a constant temperature? Where do energy charge for flight?
- How is heated at all? ( Estimated responses: when combustion of organic substances, which occurs in the presence of oxygen.)
- And at the expense of what car rides? Due to what are organisms moving? ( Due to the energy, also formed during combustion(oxidation) Organic substances with oxygen participation.)
How much energy is required by birds? After all, they can fly long distances, develop high speed. (Working with tables.)

Table 1. Distances overcome by flights

Table 2. Surface area of \u200b\u200bwings and load on them

For comparison, the model of the glider has a load on the wings of 2.5 kg / m 2.

Table 3. Frequency of Wings Wings

Table 4. Maximum flight speed

The smaller the bird, the more food for each gram of body weight it is required. With a decrease in the size of the animal, its mass decreases faster than the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe body, through which heat loss occurs. Therefore, small animals lose more heat than large. Small birds per day eat the amount of feed, equal to 20-30% of their own masses, large - 2-5%. The tit can eat as many insects in the day how much weighs itself, and tiny hummingbirds - drink the amount of nectar, 4-6 times higher than its own mass.

Repeating the stages of the splitting of food and the peculiarities of the respiratory system of birds, fill in the phased scheme number 1.

Running when filling out the scheme

Intensive motor activity of birds requires high energy costs. In this regard, their digestive system has a number of features aimed at efficient processing of food. The seizure and retention body serves as a beak. The esophagus is long, in most birds it has a pocket-shaped expansion - goiter, where food softens under the influence of the goiter fluid. The iron stomach has in its wall of the gland separating gastric juice.
A muscular stomach is equipped with a strong muscles and was removed from the inside with a durable cuticle. It occurs in mechanical food inheritance. Digestive glands (liver, pancreas) actively highlight digestive enzymes in the bowel cavity. The split nutrients are absorbed into blood and spread to all bird body cells.
How long is the food in birds digest? Small owls (house owls) digest the mouse for 4 hours, the gray forth-way - for 3 hours. Juicy berries in the sparrow pass through the intestines for 8-10 minutes. Insectivore birds fill their stomach 5-6 times a day, graining - three times.
However, the absorption of food and flow into the blood of nutrients is not the release of energy. Nutrients need to be "burned" in tissue cells. What system takes part in this? ( Light, air bags.)
- Muscles must be well supplied with oxygen. However, birds cannot provide the delivery of the desired amount of oxygen due to a large amount of blood. Why? ( An increase in the amount of blood would increase the mass of the bird and would make it difficult to fly.)
The intensive flow of oxygen to the tissue cells in birds occurs due to the "double breathing": the air is rich in oxygen passes through the lungs and when inhaling, and when exhaling, and in the same direction. This is provided by the system of air bags that permeate the bird's body.
In order for blood to move faster, an increased blood pressure is necessary. Indeed, birds are hypertensive. In order to create high blood pressure, the heart of birds should be reduced with a large force and high frequency (Table 5).

Table 5. Heart Mass and Heart Frequency Frequency

As a result of oxidation (combustion) of nutrients, energy is formed. What is she spent? (Complete the filling of circuit number 1).

Output. The active oxidative process contributes to maintaining a constant body temperature.
High body temperature provides a high level of metabolism, rapid reduction of the heart muscle and skeletal muscles, which is necessary for flight. High body temperature allows birds to reduce the development period of the embryo in the emergency egg. After all, causeing is an important and dangerous period in the life of birds.
But the constant body temperature has its drawbacks. What kind? Fill out the circuit number 2.

So, maintaining the constantly high body temperature is beneficial for the body. But for this you need to consume a lot of food that you need to get somewhere. Birds had to develop various adaptations and traits of behavior, allowing to extract a sufficient amount of food. Here are some examples.
Further, students make messages on the topic "How different birds produce food" (their preparation could be a homework to this lesson).

Pelicans-fishermen

Pelicans sometimes catch fish together. They will find a shallow bay, clarify it with a semicircle and are taken to clap the wings and bears, gradually narrowing the arc and approaching the shore. And only coasting fish to the shore, start fishing.

Sovic hunting

As you know, owls hunt at night. The eyes of these birds are huge, with a strongly expanding pupil. Through such a pupil and with poor lighting, there is enough light. However, seeing prey - various small rodents, mice and voles - from afar in the dark is impossible. Therefore, owl flies low above the ground and looks not around, but straight down. But if you fly low, the rustling of the wings scares prey! Therefore, Owl has a soft and loose plumage that makes it flying completely silent. However, the main means of orientation in night owls is not vision, but hearing. With its help, Owl on a pisch and a rustling learns about the presence of rodents and accurately determines the location of production.

Arming stone

In Africa, in the Serengeti Reserve, Biologists observed, how the domestic food was mined. This time the food was ostrich eggs. To get to the delicacy, the bird took the beak stone and threw it on the egg. The strong shell, withsting beak blows of even such large birds, like vultures, crashed from stone, and the egg could be destroyed.
True, immediately the vulture was pushed out of the feast of the vulture, and he was taken for a new egg. This is the most interesting behavior later noted in the experiment. Vultures threw eggs and expected what will happen. Noticing the delicacy, the bird immediately chose a suitable stone, sometimes weighing up to 300 g. The vulture dragged him in his beak for tens of meters and threw on the egg until it was cracked.
One day, the vulture was put fake chicken eggs. He took one of them and began to throw him about the Earth. Then he took an egg to a big cliff and threw it about her! When it did not bring the desired result, the vulture began to fragile one egg about another.
Numerous observations showed that the birds tried to split the stones to any object of the ovoid form, even if it was a huge size or painted in unusual colors - green or red. But they did not pay attention to the white cube. Scientists have found out, except that young vultures do not know how to break eggs and learn this from older birds.

Skop-fisherbolov

Bird ink - Beautiful fisherman. Seeing the fish, she rapidly rushes into the water and stuck in the body of the victim's long sharp claws. And no matter how neither the fish breaks out of the claws of the predator, it almost never succeeds. Some observers note that the bird caught fish holds head towards the flight. Maybe it is an accident, but most likely that the right is trying to catch the fish so that it is easier to carry it easier. Indeed, in this case, the air resistance is less.

Conclusion according to students - Progressive development of the brain and leading organs of feelings (vision, hearing) is associated with intensive metabolism, high mobility and complex relationship with the conditions of habitat.
And now explain why the birds are distributed in all climatic zones. What are birds are connected with? ( Thermal production allows birds not to be afraid of frosts, remain active even at very low ambient temperatures. However, the lack of feed in winter forces them to migrate into more stern places.)

Conquered air

Speed, distance, bird flight height

Regarding the flight speed, researchers adhere to various opinions. Atmospheric phenomena are very strongly influenced on it, so with distant movements of birds then fly faster, then slower, then do long breaks for recreation.

Losing a bird in some place, it is very difficult to say when she arrives in the "destination", because it can fly far from all the time of its absence. The speed calculated by simply dividing the distance at the time of the flight of the bird is often understated. In especially "responsible" moments - pursuing prey or escape from danger - birds can develop and very high speeds, but, of course, they cannot be held for a long time. Large falcons during the bet - pursuit of the bird in the air - reach speeds of 280-360 km / h. The usual, "casual" velocities of the average values \u200b\u200bare much less - 50-90 km / h.

All the above concerned the stuffing flight. The speed of the sliding flight is also difficult to measure. It is believed that Cheglock plans at a speed of 150 km / h, Borodachnik - 140, and a vulture - even 250 km / h.

The range of non-reprehensive bird flights is discussed for a long time. Just like the speed, it is very difficult to measure. Falcon released near Paris, a day was found on Malta island for 1400 km. He was delayed on the way or flew all the time, unknown. In general, birds stop in the way quite often, and the segments of non-foal flights are small. This cannot be said about flights through water obstacles, where there are no place to sit in the birds. The record for the distance of the restricted flight belongs to the Kulikov - Booocryl Rzhanka, annually flying over the ocean with Alaska in Hawaii and back 3000 km. Birds fly without landing through the Gulf of Mexico (1300 km), the Mediterranean Sea (600-750 km), the North Sea (600 km), the Black Sea (300 km). It means that the average distant flight of birds is about 1000 km.

As a rule, the height of the bird's flight does not reach 1000 m. But individual largest predators, geese, ducks can rise and significantly high heights. In September 1973, African vulture collided with a civilian aircraft at an altitude of 12 150 m above the shore of the ivory. The neck brought one of the engines, but the plane landed safely. This, apparently, the absolute record of the height of the flight of birds. Before that, Borodach was noted in the Himalayas at an altitude of 7900 m, the span geese in the same time at an altitude of 9500 m, Krakawa collided with an airplane above the Nevada at an altitude of 6900 m.

Since childhood, we are interested in one simple riddle: who is actually the fastest of birds? These amazing creatures have such a reserving that many can envy them. The result of studies on a similar topic can surprise many.

The fastest bird in the world

The first place in a similar list of the fastest birds is occupied by Sapsan. It is this inconspicuous bird that can move at a speed of approximately 389 kilometers per hour, which (for comparison) significantly exceeds the speed of the free fall of parachutists.

It is this fastest bird in the world that can give odds to many animals, while Sapsana can be found absolutely at all continents, except for Antarctica except. Its main feature is that it can develop such a huge speed, only diving from height.

Sapsana dimensions

In appearance, this fastest bird in the world is not more than the crows, besides, it has a gray plumage, which on the trouser becomes light gray, and the head is always black.

Sapsan survives thanks to the peculiar hunting technique, which is that he picks up from a height to his victim and knocks her down with the legs of the underlying paws. The speed with which the sapsan does it can easily lead to the fact that he will knock down poor prey.

Second speed

In fact, the bird that will be discussed further, can calmly take the first place of this kind of speed rating.

The main reason for this is that the Sapsan develops a huge speed when "falls" from heaven, but the speed of the strife is huge in the horizontal plane.

It can develop speed more than 170 kilometers per hour. It is possible to meet with such a miracle in the North or Central Asia, as well as in Central Europe. His winter bird spends in Africa or in India. Now the natural range of her habitat are cities, and much less often for forests.

Appearance of Strezha

The strife has a size even less than the Sapsan, and weigh only 50-150 grams.

Black haircut is the fastest. It has the plumage of a dark brown shade with a barely noticeable metal tide. It can easily be confused with a swallow, because these types of birds are quite similar, especially if you look at the top.

Poultry features

The feature of the string is that literally a few centuries ago it could be eaten, arguing that the meat is tasty.

If you do not take into account this in its gastronomic feature, there is another curious fact: almost all its time is spent in the air. In the most literal sense of the word. Flying eight weeks after birth from the nest, it landed approximately after 3 years. With the condition that he has very short and fingers and fingers are sent forward, it is quite difficult to take off from the ground, but you can. It is only a few very strong waving wings and at least a small elevation in order to make it easier to take off. The wings themselves are disproportionately large, if they are still compared with the sizes of the body itself.

Long, curved shape of the wings and perfectly streamlined body, flat head, as well as a short neck - all these aerodynamic features allow you to hate even sleep in the air. Being at an altitude of up to 3 thousand meters in the pack, it simply flies in a circle and falls asleep, while wakes up every 5 seconds in order to wait for the wings once again.

This fastest bird on Earth can fly about 500 thousand kilometers in their entire life, while landing only a few times in life only in order to bring offspring.

Swallow and strife: differences

It was previously said that the haircut could be very much like a swallow of his appearance. But still the most important difference is the flight speed - the strife develops the speed of about 170 kilometers per hour, and the swallow is only 60 kilometers per hour. But nevertheless, the haircut can not be better than flight maneuverability than swallow. The bird of this species is also different from the lap by the structure of the paws - the haircut four fingers are turned forward, and the swallows are three forward and one back. That is why they can sit on the telegraph wires and is easy to hold there, but the string will definitely fail.

The haircuts are dark abdomen, and in the swallows it is white. At the same time, in flight, the first type of birds is distinguished by its excessive crocity and never folds the wings. In addition, the haircut is larger than the swallow.

The flight speed of birds

The third speed in this rating is serogol albatross. It is more in size than its predecessors, because it has a span of the wings of 3.5 meters. Due to the fact that the Albatross can not make such a rapid diver or constantly live in the air, it is distinguished by his endurance.

It is he who can fly at a speed of 130 kilometers per hour for eight hours. Although not the fastest bird in the world, but consists in the Guinness Book of Records in connection with its amazing features.

Gaga is a bird from the duck family, which is able to develop a speed of approximately a hundred kilometers per hour. At the same time, it can withstand long flights, although it does not rise high into the sky, because its main food is in water - mollusks, worms, minor fish. That is why Gaga is not only a fast bird, but also an excellent diver.

The next in the ranking of the fastest birds of the world will be a postal dove. This species has proven itself in various conditions - in peacetime, and during hostilities. That is why the pigeon needs to pay due respect.

The speed of its flight ranges from 90 to 100 kilometers per hour. Pigeons are much rushing than Albatrosse, separate individuals can be in the air for more than 16 hours.

Skzorets is an inconspicuous bird with a pleasant singing voice, she also established himself as a great fly. Skvorts can develop a speed of approximately 70 kilometers per hour, and they are found on each continent of our planet.

Also, a speed of 70 kilometers per hour can develop and drop-rowannik. It is distributed throughout Europe and Asia, and his voice and unusual plumage always attract a lot of attention.

The fastest birds on the planet