Gdz workbook materials science sokolov. Materials Science Workbook

Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan State Autonomous Educational Institution of the Middle vocational education "Nurlat Agrarian College" WORKBOOK on the discipline "MATERIALS SCIENCE" for the specialty 262019 Design, modeling and technology of garments Developer: teacher of special disciplines TP Zaitseva. Nurlat 2013 Explanatory note The workbook is designed to assist students in the specialty SPE 262019 Design, modeling and technology of garments (basic training) in mastering the discipline OP.03 Materials Science. The workbook contains the structure of materials science of garment production, a terminological dictionary, assignments for consolidation and verification to educational materials. General information about materials for sewing production. The notebook also includes laboratory-practical and test works, with the help of which students can collect materials to confirm their professional competence. It is offered for students of NGOs, studying in the professions "Operator of sewing equipment", as well as for training and retraining of the unemployed population. BASES OF MATERIALS SCIENCE OF SEWING PRODUCTION Structure Determine the type, structure and properties of sewing materials. Result 1. CODE: Determine the type of sewing material according to the classification A) The type of sewing material according to the production method is determined correctly. B) The classification of textile fibers is named correctly. B) The type of fiber according to the sample is correctly determined. Result 2. CODE: Determine the type of textile threads according to the classification. A) The types of textile threads according to the classification are named correctly. B) The types of yarn according to the sample are determined correctly in accordance with the classification. C) The type of the main finishing of the fabric according to the sample is determined correctly. Result 3. CODE: Determine the structure of tissues. A) The parameters of the tissue structure are named correctly. B) The front side in the tissue samples is correctly determined. C) The direction of the warp and weft threads in the fabric samples is correct. D) The types of weaving weaves are determined correctly. E) The classification of tissues by fibrous composition is named correctly. F) The composition of the fibers of the fabric according to the sample is correctly determined GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SEWING MATERIALS INTRODUCTION Most recently, you were busy looking for a prom outfit. At the same time, many questions arose before you related to the properties of the materials from which the clothes are made: * What materials are suitable for the selected product; * products; What properties should be taken into account when choosing a material for * What properties of materials affect the design of clothes and should be taken into account when building a design drawing and making product patterns; * What properties of sewing materials determine the parameters and modes of processing in the manufacture of products at a sewing enterprise; * How will the materials behave when using clothes, during cleaning and washing? These questions are faced by the creators of quality clothing. Making clothes is akin to art. It requires creativity, imagination, skill, understanding of the beautiful, the ability to feel the material. The latter is acquired by students in the study of the discipline "Materials Science". This workbook is part of the tutorial General information on sewing materials is part of the course "Fundamentals of materials science of sewing production" and is developed on the basis of competence-based training, the main task of which is to activate the independent work of students throughout the entire period of study. In the workbook, students record the results of their educational activities aimed at achieving a certain level of professional competence, expressed through the Result. The ways to achieve this Result (competence) are described in the Performance Evaluation Criteria (CODE). At the end of the study of this manual students will be able to determine the type, structure and properties of sewing materials. After studying Outcome 1. Students will be able to determine the type of sewing material by the method of production, classify textile fibers and determine their type by pattern. After studying Outcome 2. The trainees will be able to classify textile yarns, determine the types of yarns and the type of basic finishing of fabrics. By studying Outcome 3, students will be able to determine the structure of tissues. Namely, to determine in the fabric samples the front side, the direction of the warp and weft threads, the type of weaving, the composition of the fibers. The study of Outcome 4 will allow students to define and characterize the basic properties of tissues: mechanical, physical, technological, optical. The terminological dictionary offered in the manual will help students complete tasks. To confirm his professional competence, the student must, for each Result, collect and demonstrate evidence of his knowledge and skills, which is facilitated by laboratory exercises and tests. Laboratory work should be done in accordance with methodological guidelines. At the end of the work, they are submitted for verification to the teacher. If the work is unsuccessful, the student can repeat the collection of evidence of competence. Requirements for the performance of tests are set out at the end of each of them. In case of non-fulfillment of these requirements, the student must additionally work out the educational material of one or another Result and perform the work again. The teacher helps students to achieve a particular Result (level of competence), observes the progress of assignments, keeps track of the achievements of each student. The proposed training manual can be used to train skilled workers in the professions "Tailor", "Cutter", "Operator of sewing equipment", as well as in specialty 262019 "Design, modeling and technology of garments" and will allow them to be competitive in the labor market. TERMINOLOGICAL DICTIONARY     Absolute density - actual number threads per 100 mm of fabric. Angora - wool of angora rabbit. Hardware yarn - thick, loose, fluffy, low-strength thread. Finishing - application to fabric special composition to give it density, stiffness, or softness, better whiteness, gloss and other properties that improve quality and wear resistance.  Reinforcement yarn is a yarn with a core twisted along its entire length with cotton, wool, linen or man-made fibers.  Acetylation - treatment of cotton waste with acetic anhydride in glacial acetic acid for the production of acetate fiber.  Whitening - giving the fabric a lasting whiteness.  Burdeau - consists of flat metal plates (teeth) fixed vertically on two planks, serves to nail the newly laid weft thread to the previous one, ensuring the uniformity of the threads.  Gloss is the ability of a fabric to reflect incident light.  Felted - fabrics that have been rolled during the finishing process and have a felt-like covering on the front side (cloth, coat fabrics).  Viscose is a man-made cellulose fiber.  Water resistance - the ability of fabrics to resist water penetration.  Breathability - the ability of fabrics to allow air to pass through themselves and ensure the breathability of clothing.  Fibrous composition of fabrics - the composition of the fibers from which the fabric is made.  Fiber is a flexible, thin, strong body, the length of which is many times the size of the cross section. Teasing Result 1. Determine the type of sewing material according to the classification Topic 1. INTRODUCTION Task 1 FIXING MATERIAL Using training material 1, try to complete the tasks. ASSIGNMENT 1. What is the subject of study of sewing materials science? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ASSIGNMENT 2. Select from the proposed list of textile materials (mark with \\ /): - genuine leather - sewing threads - fabric - knitwear - down - faux fur - yarn - nonwovens ASSIGNMENT 3. Determine the corresponding expressions of the right and left columns : technology selection of materials for the product materials science construction construction design modes and processing parameters equipment care for the product TASK 4. What are the requirements for sewing materials. _____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ASSIGNMENT 5. Complete the table by writing down your thoughts on the function of the garment materials in a free box. Groups of sewing materials Functions (role in clothing) Upper materials Lining materials Lining materials Warming materials Finishing materials Clothing accessories Materials for joining parts Task 1. 2 CHECK THE DEGREE OF ASSEMBLY OF THE MATERIAL TASK. For the proposed samples of materials, indicate the production method and purpose. Sample No. 1 Sample No. 2 Evaluation material for Result 1 Sample No. 3 CONTROL WORK No. 1 Option I Complete tasks. TASK 1. For the proposed sample of material, determine its type, origin, chemical composition and properties. Mark the answer with \\ /. 1.1. Presented fiber: - wool - silk - cotton - linen 1.2. The origin of this fiber: - vegetable - animal mineral natural artificial - synthetic 1.3. Elongation of the presented fiber: - plastic - elastic - elastic 1.4. Heat resistance of fiber, 0С: 1.5 Fiber strength, cN / tex: 1.6 Chemical composition of fiber: - 110 - 150 - 120 - 180 - 140 - 200 - 24 - 36 - 35 - 70 - 35 - 72 - 13 - 24 - 10 - 14 - 32 - 55 - sericin - keratin - fibroin 1.7 chemical resistance of the fiber: - cellulose - alkali resistant - not alkali resistant - acid resistant - not acid resistant 1.8 Fiber properties taken into account at c. so: - strength - elongation - hygroscopicity - heat resistance - chemical resistance - special properties TASK 2. Find the correspondence between the expressions of the left and right columns: Fabric knitted textile fabric Non-textile fabric Leather natural textile woven fabric ASSIGNMENT 3. List the artificial fibers. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ASSIGNMENT 4. Describe the nature of the combustion of lavsan. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ To confirm competence, it is imperative to complete tasks 1, 4 in full.

Copyright OJSC "CDB" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FGBOU VO Penza State Agricultural Academy Department" Basics of designing mechanisms and machines "MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WORKS OF LABORATORY WORKS OJSC "CDB" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FGBOU VO Penza State Agricultural Academy Department" Fundamentals of designing mechanisms and machines "MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY OF STUDENT DESIGNERS .I.O.) ____________________________________ Penza 2015 1 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service UDC 620.22 (075) +621.7 (075) BBK 30.30 + 34 (y7) C72 Reviewer - A.A. Orekhov, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department "Technical Service of Machines" Published by the decision of the methodological commission of the Faculty of Engineering of the Penza State Agricultural Academy of October 12, 2015, Protocol No. 02 Spitsyn, Ivan Alekseevich C72 Materials Science and Technology construction materials... Section "Materials Science": a workbook for laboratory work / I.А. Spitsyn, N.I. Potapov. - Penza: RIO PGSKhA, 2015 .-- 45 p. The workbook is intended for students of the Faculty of Engineering of the Penza State Agricultural Academy, studying in the directions 35.03.06 "Agroengineering" and 23.03.03 "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes". In accordance with the work program of the discipline "Materials Science and Technology of Structural Materials", the section "Materials Science" provides for the implementation of 8 laboratory works. In the workbook for each work, homework is given, the completion of which allows you to study some of the theoretical questions and more effectively use the time allotted for laboratory work. Provides schematic images of equipment and diagrams that require some improvement, as well as; test questions. © FSBEI HE Penza State Agricultural Academy, 2015 © I.A. Spitsyn, N.I. Potapova, 2015 2 Copyright OJSC "CDB" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "Laboratory work No. 1 DETERMINATION OF METAL HARDNESS Purpose of work: Study of the methodology and the acquisition of practical determination of the hardness of metal alloys and other materials skills Work tasks: 1. To study the device to determine the hardness of metals. 2. To study the method of determining the hardness of metal alloys and other materials. 3. Acquire practical skills in working with Brinell and Rockwell devices. 4. Reveal the influence of carbon content on the hardness of the carbon steel ... Material and methodological support: 1. Samples of metal alloys and other materials. 2. Hardness testers Brinell (type TSh), Rockwell (type TK). 3. Magnifier for measuring the diameter of a ball print, posters, teaching aids. Homework 1. Give the concept of hardness as a property of metal (point 1). 2. Give the essence, schemes and describe the formulas for determining the hardness of metals by the Brinell and Rockwell method (paragraphs 2.1., 2.2). 3. Describe the circuits of devices of type TSh, TK. 4. Prepare for test questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Laboratory task To study the device for determining the hardness of metals. To study the method of determining the hardness of metals on the available hardness testers. Select modes for determining the hardness of alloys by the Brinell method, perform tests, measure the diameters of indentations and determine the hardness of samples. Record the test results in table 1.1. Select modes for determining the hardness of alloys by the Rockwell method and determine the hardness of the samples. Record the test results in table 1.2. Construct and explain the dependence of the hardness of steel on the carbon content in it. Provide conclusions on the work. Execution of work 1. Hardness is ... 2. 1 Brinell's method is based on the fact that ... Figure 1.1 - Scheme for measuring the Brinell hardness: D - d−; h− 3; Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”Brinell hardness is determined by the formula HB  where P - 2P   D (D  (D 2  d 2)); D−,; d−. 2.2 Figure 1.2 shows a diagram of a Brinell lever hardness tester (type TSh). It consists of: 1− 2− 3− 4− 5− 6− 7− 8− 9− 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15− 16 - 17 - 18− 19 - 20 - 21 - 22 - 23 - Figure 1.2 - Scheme of Brinell lever hardness tester 3.1 Method for selecting the mode and procedure for testing the hardness of alloys by the Brinell method: 3.2 As instructed by the instructor, determine the hardness of the alloys and enter the results into table 1.1 4 Copyright OJSC CDB BIBKOM & LLC Agency Book-Service Table 1.1 - Results of determining the hardness of alloys by the Brinell method No. Material Test mode Diameter of indentation, mm p / p and thickness - Diameter Load, Time 1 change. 2 rev. Wed per sample of the ball, Р, kgf holding, value of ts, mm mm under load, s 1 2 3 Hardness, HB 4.1 Rockwell's method is based on the fact that ... Fig. 1.3 - Scheme of hardness measurement by the Rockwell method: Р0; P1 -; P−; h0 -; h− Rockwell hardness numbers are measured in conventional units and determined by the formulas: a) when a diamond or hard alloy cone is pressed in h  h0 HRC  100 , 0.002 b) when a ball is pressed in h  h0 HRB  130 , 0.002 where 4. 2. Figure 1.4 shows a diagram of a TK type hardness tester (a) and an indicator (b, position 12). b) a) Figure 1.4 - Scheme of the TK type hardness tester: 1 - 3−; 4−; 5, 6, 7 - 10 -; 11 - 5; 2−; 8−; ; 9−; Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "4.3. Mode selection method and test procedure: 4.4. On the instructions of the teacher, determine the hardness of the samples and enter the results in table 1.2. Table 1.2 - The results of determining the hardness of samples from various alloys by Rockwell Soder method - Load - Inden - Scale - Hardness by Hardness Material, kgf tor la (A, Rockwell, by carbon thickness (cone, B, C) HR Brinell sample, yes,% ball) 1 2 3 Cf. mm 5 According to Table 2, plot the graphical dependence of hardness on carbon content in steel. НВ 250 200 150 100 50 0 0.2 0. 4 Figure 1.5 - Dependence of steel hardness on carbon content 6% С Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Agency Book-Service Conclusions: (give the scope of application of hardness testers, indicate the advantages and disadvantages each, indicate the factors influencing the hardness, explain the resulting graphical dependence). Test questions: 1. What is meant by the hardness of the metal? 2. With what device and how is the diameter of the indentation obtained by pressing the ball determined? 3. What is included in the Brinell hardness testing mode? 4. What determines the choice of the ball diameter when determining the hardness by the Brinell method? 5. How to set the holding time under load when determining the hardness by the Brinell method? 6. What and how is the preload created when determining the hardness by the Brinell method? 7. What determines the choice of load when determining the hardness by the Brinell method? 8. Why is it impossible to determine the hardness of the material above HB 450 on the Brinell device? 9. What does the HRC 50 record mean? 10. To determine the hardness of what materials on the Rockwell device are used loads of 150 kgf, 100 kgf and 60 kgf? 11. On what scale (by color) on the Rockwell device is readout when determining the hardness of hardened steel? 12. On what scale (by color) on the Rockwell device is readout when determining the hardness of steel subjected to chemical-heat treatment? 13. What is equal to, what is created and how is the preload controlled when determining the hardness of metal on a Rockwell instrument? 14. When determining the hardness of what materials on the Rockwell device is a ball used as an indenter? 15. How to convert the value of the hardness of the material, determined by the Rockwell device, to the Brinell hardness? 16. What is used as an indenter when determining the hardness of hardened steel? The work was completed by _____________ The work was accepted by ________________ 7 Copyright OJSC CDB “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Book-Service” Laboratory work No. 2 ANALYSIS OF THE STATUS DIAGRAM OF IRON-CARBON ALLOYS Purpose of the work: Study of the methodology and acquisition of practical skills for constructing cooling curves for alloys : 1. Study the allotropic forms of iron and the areas of their existence. 2. To study the phase composition and structural components of iron-carbon alloys. 3. To study the transformations occurring in iron-carbon alloys with different concentrations of components during cooling or heating. 4. To acquire practical skills in constructing cooling curves for iron-carbon alloys with the determination of the degree of freedom of the state of the system. 5. Acquire practical skills to determine the content of components in phases at a given concentration in the alloy and temperature. 6. To acquire practical skills in determining the percentage of phases at a given concentration of components and temperature of the alloy. Material and methodological support: 1. Diagram of the state of the "iron-carbon" system (electrified control training stand). 2. Posters: pure iron cooling curve, cooling curves of iron-carbon alloys. 3. Methodical instructions to laboratory work. Homework 1. Draw a cooling curve for pure iron, explain each temperature stop, and characterize  and  - iron. 2. Give concepts: system state diagram, component, phase. 3. Give definitions to the phases and structural components of the state diagram of the "iron-carbon" system, indicating the areas of existence. 4. To reveal the essence of peritectic, eutectic and eutectoid transformations. 5. Explain the formation of secondary and tertiary cementite during cooling of alloys. 6. Give and describe Gibbs's law, the first and second rule of segments. 7. Prepare for test questions. Laboratory task 1. Fill in the table with the characteristic points of the state diagram of the "iron-carbon" system. 2. Using the phase rule, on the right side of the diagram, plot the cooling curves for the two alloys. 1. С \u003d ___% 2. С \u003d ___% 3. On each section of the cooling curve of the first alloy, indicate the names of the phases, and on the cooling curve of the second alloy on the right, the names of the phases, and on the left, the names of the structural components. 4. For the first alloy, determine the carbon content in the phases and the quantitative ratio of the phases at t \u003d ____ ° C. 5. For the second alloy, determine the carbon content in the phases and the quantitative ratio of the phases at t \u003d ____ ° C. 8 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”Execution of work 1. Figure 2.1 shows the cooling curve of pure iron. t, 0С 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 , s Figure 2.1 - Cooling curve of pure iron 2. Diagram of the system state - Components - Phase - 3. The phases of the state diagram of the iron-carbon system are: liquid solution, austenite, ferrite, cementite, and structural components - austenite, ferrite, cementite (primary, secondary, tertiary), ledeburite, perlite. Austenite - Ferrite - Cementite - Ledeburite - 9 Copyright OJSC "CDB" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "Perlite - 4. Peritectic transformation occurs at a temperature of t \u003d ____ ° C and consists in ... Eutectic transformation occurs at a temperature of t \u003d ____ ° С and consists in .. Eutectoid transformation occurs at a temperature of t \u003d ____ ° С and consists in .. 5. Secondary cementite is formed .. Tertiary cementite is formed .. 6. Gibbs's law (phase rule) has the form С \u003d К - Ф + 1, where С - К− The first rule of segments - The second rule of segments - 10; Ф− Copyright OJSC CDB “BIBKOM” & LLC “Agency Book-Service” Figure 2.2 - Diagram of the state of the system "iron-carbon" 11 Copyright OJSC “CDB" BIBCOM " “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Book-Service” 7. Fill in the table and provide a description of points, lines and transformations. Table - Characteristic points and lines of the "iron - carbon" diagram. Symbols - Coordinates Description 0 t, С С,% 1 2 3 4 А Н IBCDNECFGPSKQL ABCD AHIECF HIB 12 Copyright OJSC "CDB" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service " 1 ECF 2 End of table 4 3 PSK ES PQ GS 8 Glue a sheet of A4 paper on the right side of the state diagram of the iron-carbon system (p. 12) and plot the cooling curves of the alloys in accordance with the task (points 2 and 3 of the laboratory task) ... 9 Complete items 4 and 5 of the laboratory assignment with an explanation of the actions to be performed. 13 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "Conclusions: ( practical significance diagrams, values \u200b\u200bof the rule of phases and segments) Test questions: 1. What is the state diagram of a system of binary alloys? 2. What is meant by the alloy phase? 3. What is the difference between the solid solution of implantation and the solid solution of substitution? 4. Under what conditions are chemical compounds formed? 5. What is the phase rule used for? 6. What do you need to know to determine the degree of freedom of the system? 7. If the degree of freedom of the system is zero, what does this mean? 8. What can mechanical mixtures consist of? 9. Give a definition of austenite and ferrite. 10. Give the definition of ledeburite and perlite. 11. What is cementite? Under what conditions is it formed? 12. Give the temperature range at which ledeburite consists of perlite and cementite? 13. Explain the reason for the formation of secondary cementite. 14. What transformations take place at constant temperature? 15. What should be done to determine the concentration of carbon in the phase? 16. How to determine the quantitative ratio of phases in an alloy? 17. Under what conditions does austenite turn into pearlite? 18. Under what conditions does a slurry turn into ledeburite? 19. Under what conditions does peritectic transformation take place and what does it consist of? 20. What is iron allotropy? 21. Name the phase composition of alloys with a carbon concentration of 0.006% to 6.67%. The work was completed by _____________ The work was accepted by ________________ 14 Copyright OJSC CDB “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Book-Service” Laboratory work No. 3 MICROSCOPIC METHOD OF RESEARCHING METALS AND ALLOYS Purpose of work: Studying the technology of preparing a microsection and the acquisition of metals and practical skills of microscopic research tasks : 1. To study the technology of preparation of microsection. 2. To study the structure of microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. 3. To acquire practical skills in working with microscopes. 4. Determine the grain size in steel. Material and methodological support: 1. Microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7, spare parts for microscopes. 2. Microsections from various alloys. 3. Object-micrometer and eyepiece-micrometer. 4. Textbook for studying the design of microscopes, technology for preparing microsections, determining the grain size in steel, microscopic schemes. Homework 1. Describe the technological process of preparing a microsection, reagents for etching steel and cast iron. 2. Describe the schemes of microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. 3. Prepare for test questions. Laboratory task 1. Examine the main units and parts of microscopes, familiarize yourself with the adjustments. Set the required magnification. 2. Place a microsection on the microscope stage and adjust the microscope for visual observation. 3. Give diagrams explaining the visibility of the grain under a microscope. 4. Bring the diagram and determine the division value of the eyepiece - micrometer. 5. Determine the grain size in steel. Doing work 1. Technological process preparation of a microsection consists of the following operations: The following reagents are used for etching steel and cast iron: 15 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Agency Book-Service 2. 1 Microscope MIM-6 consists of the following parts and assembly units: 1−2 - 3-4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Figure 3.1 - Optical diagram of the MIM-6 microscope The magnification of the microscope is determined by the formula 2.2 Microscope MIM-7 consists of the following parts and assembly units: 1− 2− 3− 4− 5− 6− 7− 8− 9− 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 - 17 - 18 - Figure 3.2 - Optical diagram of the microscope MIM-7 16 Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBKOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”The magnification of the microscope is determined by the formula or the table .. 3. Diagrams explaining the visibility of grains with different colors. Figure 3.3 - Diagram explaining the visibility of ferrite grain boundaries under a microscope Figure 3.4 - Diagram explaining the view of inhomogeneous grains 17 Copyright OJSC CDB “BIBKOM” & LLC “Agency Book-Service” 4. Determine the price of division of the eyepiece - micrometer The price of one division of the eyepiece - micrometer, at a given microscope magnification, is determined by the formula C ЦT Tsok \u003d about, And where Tsob is the division price of the object - micrometer (0.01 mm); T - the number of combined divisions of the object - micrometer; A - the number of combined divisions of the eyepiece - micrometer. Figure 3.5 - Alignment of the object - micrometer and eyepiece - micrometer in the field of view Tsok \u003d 5. Determination of grain size in steel 18 Copyright JSC "CDB" BIBKOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "Conclusions: (purpose and essence of microanalysis, possibilities optical microscopes , the purpose of the object is a micrometer and an eyepiece is a micrometer) Test questions: 1. What is called microanalysis? 2. Name the main operations of the microsection preparation technology. 3. What is the difference between polishing and sample grinding? 4. Why is the etching of the sample surface carried out? 5. What determines the choice of reagent for etching the sample surface? 6. How is the sample viewed under the microscope after the polishing operation? 7. How are grain boundaries viewed under a microscope and why? 8. What does the magnification of an optical metallographic microscope depend on? 9. How can you determine the size of non-metallic inclusions in the metal? 10. What are the object - micrometer and eyepiece - micrometer for? 11. How is the grain size in steel determined? 12. What is the purpose of the main parts and assembly units of the MIM-6 and MIM-7 microscopes. The work was performed by _____________ The work was accepted by ________________ 19 Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”Laboratory work No. 4 STUDYING THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF CARBON STEELS IN EQUAL STATE Purpose of work: Acquisition of practical carbon structures in microanalysis 1. Get acquainted with the classification of carbon steels in an equilibrium state by structure. 2. To acquire practical skills in conducting microanalysis of structures, and determining the critical points of carbon steels. 3. To acquire practical skills in determining the carbon content and the approximate steel grade. Material and methodological support: 1. Microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. 2. Microsections of carbon steels in equilibrium. 3. Photographs of microstructures of carbon steel with different carbon content. 4. Posters and guidelines. Homework 1. Draw a section of the iron-carbon diagram with a carbon content of up to 2.14% and indicate the structural components in each area. 2. Bring the classification of carbon steels in an equilibrium state by structure and characterize the structural components of carbon steels (definition, structure, properties, as viewed under a microscope). 3. Prepare for test questions. Laboratory task 1. Examine microsections of steels with different carbon content under a microscope. 2. Sketch the diagrams of the microstructures of the considered microsections with the indication of the structural components. 3. Determine to which structural class the considered steel belongs (hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, hypereutectoid) and critical points. 4. Determine the carbon concentration and the approximate steel grade by the microstructure. 20 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service Execution of work 1. Draw the steel section of the state diagram "iron - carbon" t, 0С 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Figure 4.1 - Part of the diagram "iron - carbon" (steel section) 2. Describe the structural components of carbon steels. 21 2.0% С Copyright OJSC CDB BIBKOM & LLC Agency Kniga-Service 3. Schemes of microstructures of steels, their description, critical points and the name of steels by structure (steel class by structure) No. 1 Increase - Steel grade ___________________________ Carbon content ____________________ Description of the microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Critical points: A1 _______, A3 (st) __________ Name of steel by structure _______________________________________ 2 Increase - Steel grade ___________________________ Carbon content _____________________ Microstructure description _____________________ _______, A3 (st) __________ Name e steel by structure _______________________________________ 3 Increase - Steel grade ___________________________ Carbon content ____________________ Description of microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Critical points: A1 _______, A3 (st) __________ Steel name by structure _______________________________________ 4 Increase in carbon microstructure ___________________________ Critical points: A1 _______, A3 (st) __________ Name of steel by structure _______________________________________ 22 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Agency Book-Service 4. Determination of carbon concentration in doeutect Solid steel in terms of its microstructure (item 4) is as follows: Conclusions: (to reveal the effect of carbon concentration in steel on the change in microstructure and physical and mechanical properties) Control questions: 1. How are carbon steels classified by purpose? 2. What is the quality of carbon structural and tool steels? 3. What elements that make up steels mainly determine their quality? 4. What groups are carbon structural steels of ordinary quality divided into and on what grounds? 5. How are ordinary quality and high quality carbon structural steels marked? 6. How are high quality and high quality carbon tool steels marked? 7. How does the structure of carbon steel change with increasing carbon content in it? 8. What is the method for determining the carbon content in steel by its microstructure? 9. Decipher the steel grades: BST2, steel 45, U8A, Steel 65G, St3kp, U12, VSt6. 10. How are ferrite and cementite grains viewed under a microscope? 11. How is pearlite viewed under a microscope? 12. What are the mechanical properties of pearlite and ferrite? 13. Where on the diagram "iron-carbon" are the critical points A1 and A3. 14. How to determine the temperature of the critical point Ast for steel U13? The work was performed by _____________ The work was accepted by ________________ 23 Copyright OJSC CDB “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Book-Service” Laboratory work No. 5 STUDYING MICROSTRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF CAST IRONS Purpose of work: Acquisition of practical skills in the structures of cast iron conducting microanalysis Objectives of the work: 1. To get acquainted with the classification cast irons depending on the state of carbon. 2. Acquire practical skills in microanalysis and description of cast iron structures. 3. To acquire theoretical knowledge on the production of cast irons with different structures and mechanical properties. Material and methodological support: 1. Microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. 2. Microsections of cast irons. 3. Photographs of microstructures of cast irons with different carbon states. 4. Posters and guidelines. Homework 1. Draw a section of the iron-carbon diagram with a carbon content of 2.14% to 6.67% and indicate the structural components in each area. 2. Give the definition and classification of white cast irons by structure and characterize their structural components (definition, structure, properties, as viewed under a microscope). 3. Bring the classification of cast irons depending on the shape of graphite inclusions and the conditions for their production. 3. Prepare for test questions. Laboratory task 1. Examine microsections of white cast irons with different carbon content under a microscope. 2. Sketch microstructure diagrams of microsections of white cast irons with indication of structural components and their names by structure. 3. Examine microsections of gray, ductile and ductile iron under a microscope. 4. Sketch the diagrams of microstructures of microsections of the considered cast irons (point 3) indicating the names of their metal base. 24 Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”Execution of work 1. Draw the cast-iron section of the state diagram“ iron-carbon ”t, 0С 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 2.0 2.5 3 , 0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0% C Figure 1 - Part of the "iron - carbon" state diagram (cast iron section) 2. White cast iron is cast iron … 25 Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”3. Depending on the form of graphite inclusions, cast irons are divided into three groups:… .. 4. Table - diagrams of microstructures of cast irons, their description, conditions for obtaining and structure No. Scheme of microstructure Description 1 2 3 1 Increase - Description of microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Conditions for obtaining ______________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Name of cast iron, including structure _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 2 Increase - Description microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Conditions for obtaining ______________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ iron Designation with the account structure _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 26 Copyright of "CCB" BIBKOM '& OOO "Estate Agency Books-Service" of the table Description microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Terms receipt ______________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Name of cast iron, taking into account the structure _______ ________________________________ _______________________________________ Wn / n 1 Scheme microstructure Increase - 2 Increase - Description microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Conditions for obtaining ______________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ iron Designation with the account structure _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 3 Increase - Description microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Conditions for obtaining ______________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ iron Designation with the account structures _______________________________________ __________________ ____________________ 4 Increase - Description of the microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Conditions for obtaining ______________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Name of cast iron, taking into account the structure _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 27 Copyright OJSC "CDB" BIBCOM to establish the influence of each structural component on the properties of cast iron, including the shape of the graphite inclusion; reflect the practical use of cast irons). Test questions: 1. What is the carbon content in cast irons? 2. How do you get white and gray cast iron, and what is their main difference? 3. What are the main chemical elements that make up cast irons. 4. In what form can graphite be in cast iron? 5. What determines the strength of cast iron? 6. How is gray iron on a ferritic metal base obtained? 7. How is malleable cast iron on a pearlitic metal base obtained? 8. How do you get ductile iron on a ferrite-pearlitic metal base? 9. For the manufacture of which parts are billets from gray, ductile and ductile iron used? 10. How are gray, ductile and ductile irons marked? 11. How do silicon and manganese affect graphitization? 12. On the content of which elements does the fluidity of cast iron depend? 13. How are white cast irons classified by cast iron? 14. At what temperature does the eutectic transformation take place in the production of gray cast iron and what is it? 15. Decipher the grades of cast iron: SCh 15, SCh 20, KCh 35-10, KCh 37-12, VCh 50, VCh 100. 16. Why is the strength of ductile iron more than gray? 17. What is the structure of white hypereutectic cast iron? The work was completed by _____________ The work was accepted by ____________ 28 Copyright OJSC CDB “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Book-Service” Laboratory work No. 6 HEAT TREATMENT OF CARBON STEEL Purpose of the work: Establishing the effect of heat treatment of steel on the mechanical properties of steel Objectives: 1. To study the technology main types of heat treatment of steel. 2. To study the transformations occurring during isothermal holding and continuous cooling of austenite. 3. Get acquainted with the equipment for heat treatment of steel. 4. To acquire practical skills in prescribing heat treatment modes for carbon steel. 5. Determine the effect of the cooling rate during heat treatment on the hardness of carbon steel. Material and methodological support 1. Muffle furnaces with thermostats, baths with hardening media, tongs, files, sanding paper, napkins. 2. Samples from carbon steel. 3. TK type hardness tester. 4. Posters and guidelines. Homework 1. Bring the classification and definitions of the types of heat treatment. 2. According to the diagram of isothermal transformation of austenite, give an explanation of the processes occurring during isothermal holding of austenite and martensitic transformation. 3. Give a definition and a brief description of perlite, sorbitol, troostite, bainite and martensite. 4. Prepare for test questions. Laboratory task 1. Determine the heating temperature of carbon steel for full hardening according to the "iron - carbon" state diagram. 2. Determine the heating and holding time of steel at a given temperature. 3. Carry out heating and subsequent cooling of the samples in water, oil, in air and together with the oven. 4. Measure the hardness of the samples on a TK type hardness tester and plot the dependence of the steel hardness on the cooling rate of the cooling medium. 29 Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”Performance of work 1. The main types of heat treatment (TO) include: quenching, normalization, annealing and tempering. Hardening - .. Normalization - .. Annealing - .. Vacation - .. 2. The diagram of isothermal transformation of austenite is built in the coordinates "temperature - time" Figure 6.1 - Diagram of isometric transformation of austenite At isothermal transformation of austenite, the following transformations occur: pearlite, intermediate and martensitic. Perlite transformation - .. Intermediate transformation - .. 30 Copyright OJSC CDB “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Book-Service” Martensitic transformation - .. 3. Perlite - .. Sorbitol - .. Troostite - .. Bainite upper - ... Bainite bottom -… Martensite -… 4. 1 The heating temperature of carbon steel - steel 45 is determined from the iron-carbon state diagram as follows: .. 4.2 The heating and holding time of a sample of steel 45 depends on. 31 Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”Table - Summary data on heat treatment of carbon steel MotherTerTemTime Cooling- Speed \u200b\u200bHardness p heat treatment HRB heating k medium deg / s Т 0, work τ, s t, ° С HRC НВ НВ 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 with furnace air oil water Figure 6.2 - Dependence of the hardness of hardened carbon steel on the cooling rate (cooling medium) ... Conclusions: (explain the effect of the cooling rate on the hardness of carbon steel) 32 Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBKOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”Test questions: 1. Name the main types of heat treatment of steels. 2. How is the schedule of heat treatment of steel constructed? 3. What is steel hardening for? 4. Why is steel annealed? 5. What is steel normalization? 6. For what steels is vacation, and what types of it are there? 7. What is called steel improvement? 8. What should be the heating temperature of steel 60 to perform the "Quenching" operation. 9. What should be the heating temperature of U12 steel to perform the "hardening" operation. 10. What is called the critical quenching rate? 11. What will be the structure of steel 50 after incomplete quenching? 12. Explain the essence of the intermediate transformation during isothermal holding of austenite. 13. What is martensite and when is it formed? 14. Why and how is intermittent hardening carried out? 15. How and why does the cooling rate affect the hardness of hardened steel? 16. Give the main types of rejects during hardening. 17. Why and how is diffusion annealing carried out? 18. What is the essence of recrystallization annealing, and for what steels is it carried out? 19. How is the annealing carried out on granular perlite? 20. Name the types of cooling media for quenching. 21. Assign a heat treatment mode for a chisel made of U10 steel to obtain a hardness of 45 HRC. 22. Assign a heat treatment mode for steel 50 to obtain a hardness of 60 HRC. 23. Assign a heat treatment mode for a spring made of 65G steel. The work was performed by _____________ The work was accepted by ______________ 33 Copyright OJSC CDB BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service Laboratory work No. 7 STUDYING MICROSTRUCTURES OF ALLOYED STEELS Purpose of work: Acquisition of practical skills in carrying out microanalysis of alloy steel structures Work tasks: 1. To become familiar with alloy steels in equilibrium. 2. To acquire practical skills in conducting microanalysis of structures. 3. To study the features of the technology for performing heat treatment of alloy steel. 4. To study the technology of performing heat treatment of high-speed steel R18. Material and methodological support: 1. Microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. 2. Microsections of alloy steels in equilibrium state. 3. Photographs of microstructures of alloy steel with different alloying elements content. 4. Posters and guidelines. Homework 1 Bring the classification of alloy steels by purpose, chemical composition and structure. 2. Give the essence of the marking of alloy steels with the indication of steels. 3. Prepare for test questions. Laboratory task 1. Describe the features of heat treatment of high-speed steel. 2. Set the microscope magnification to 400 ... 500 times. 2. Place the microsection of alloy steel on the stage, sketch the visible microstructure and give its description with the indication of the name by structure, chemical composition and purpose. Indicate the scope of steel. Performance of work 1. Alloy steels are classified according to purpose, chemical composition and structure. According to their purpose, steels are divided into: 34 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Agency Book-Service According to their structure in equilibrium, steels are divided into five classes: According to their chemical composition, steels are divided into three groups: 2. Alloyed steels are marked with a combination of numbers and letters, namely: 3. Features of heat treatment of alloy steel, in particular high-speed steel, are as follows (explain on the basis of the graph): 35 Copyright OJSC "CDB" BIBKOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "Figure - Heat treatment of high-speed steel : A1; Mn; MK A; To | ; K || Aost; M; Mo P; K. 36; ; ; Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service 4. Diagrams of steel microstructures, their description, critical points and the name of steels by structure (steel class by structure) No. Microstructure diagram Description 1 Increase - Steel grade ____________________________ Chemical composition ______________________ Description of the microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _____________________________________________ Heat treatment _____________________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Name of steel by structure _________ _______________________________________ 2 Increase - Steel grade ___________________________ Chemical composition _____________________ Description of microstructure _______________________________ _____________________ Description of the microstructure _______________________________ _____________________________ Heat treatment ___________ _______________________________________ Designation steel structure __________ 3 Increase - Steel grade ___________________________ chemical composition _____________________ Description microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ heat treatment mode _____________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Designation steel structure __________ 4 Increase Steel grade ___________________________ chemical composition _____________________ Description microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ heat treatment mode _____________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ steel Name by structure __________ _______________________________________ 37 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service Conclusions: (at to show which elements give special properties to steels, what is the peculiarity of heat treatment of alloy steel, the field of application of structural and tool steels). Test questions: 1. What steel is called alloyed? 2. How do alloying elements affect the critical points of steels? 3. What do alloying elements form in steels? 4. Why should alloyed steels be heated stepwise during heat treatment? 5. How to choose the heating temperature of alloy steel during quenching? 6. What is used as a cooling medium for hardening high speed steel? 7. Why is the tempering of high speed steel carried out? 8. What classes are alloyed steels divided according to their structure in an equilibrium state? 9. What steels are classified as low-alloy, medium-alloy and high-alloy steels? 10. Decipher the following steel grades: 10ХСНД, 12ХН3А, 20Х, 18ХГТ, 25ХГТ, 40ХН2МА. 11. Select from the given grades the ball bearing steels and decipher the grades: 50HGA, SHH15, SHH15-SH, 40HN. 12. Choose from the given steel grades free-cutting steels: 12ХН3А, АС40, 18ХГТ, АС40ХГНМ. 13. Indicate corrosion-resistant steels: 20X, 30X13, 12X17, 08X13, 40X13, AC40, 25XGT. 14. In what operating conditions does wear-resistant steel 110G13L have advantages over other steels? 15. What alloying element gives high-speed steels red-hardness? The work was completed by _____________ The work was accepted by __________ 38 Copyright OJSC CDB “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Book-Service” Laboratory work No. 8 STUDYING MICROSTRUCTURES OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS Purpose of work: Acquisition of practical skills in conducting microanalysis of structures of non-ferrous metals and their alloys : 1. Get acquainted with the marking and the chemical composition of non-ferrous alloys and their purpose. 2. To acquire practical skills in conducting microanalysis of structures. 3. Acquire practical skills in the selection of non-ferrous alloys for the manufacture of structures. Material and methodological support: 1. Microscopes MIM-6 and MIM-7. 2. Microsections of nonferrous alloys. 3. Photographs of microstructures of non-ferrous alloys of various chemical composition. 4. Posters and guidelines. Homework 1. Bring non-ferrous metals, give them a characterization and indicate areas of application. 2. Give the dependence of the mechanical properties of brass on the zinc content (Fig.). 3. Prepare for test questions. Laboratory task 1. To study the microstructure of non-ferrous metals and alloys under a microscope, sketch them. 2. Describe the structures in the form shown in the table. 39 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”Performance of work 1. a brief description of non-ferrous metals and their alloys: 40 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBKOM & LLC Agency Book-Service 2. Draw the dependence of the mechanical properties of brass on the zinc content. c, MPa ,%  50 350 40 280 30 210 20 140 10 70 0 10 20 30 Figure 8.1 - Dependence of the flow limit of brass on the zinc content in it. в 40 50 Zn% and relative elongation  3. Explain the influence of inclusions  - phase on the properties of brass and  - phase on the properties of bronzes. 41 Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service 5. Schemes of microstructures of non-ferrous metal alloys and their description No. Microstructure scheme Description 1 Increase - Name and grade of alloy _______________________________________ Chemical composition ______________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ Heat treatment_ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 2 Increase - Name and grade of alloy _______________________________________ Chemical composition ______________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ Heat treatment ___________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Description of the microstructure _____________ __ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 3 Increase - Name and Alloy Chemical composition stamp _______________________________________ ______________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ Heat treatment ___________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Description microstructure _______________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 4 Increase Name Brand _______________________________________ alloy and chemical composition ______________________ _______________________________________ ______________________________________ Heat treatment ___________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Description microstructure _______________ ___________________________________ ____ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 42 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”Conclusions: (the use of the considered metals and alloys in mechanical engineering). Test questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Name non-ferrous metals and give their areas application. What is brass? Bring the brands. What is called bronze? Bring the brands. What groups are brass divided into according to the manufacturing method? How are deformable brass marked and what is made of them? How are foundry brass marked and what is made of them? Which element gives brass high corrosion resistance? What groups are bronzes divided into? How are cast and wrought bronzes marked? What is the element that gives bronze antifriction properties? What bronzes are springs made of? What prevents aluminum from corrosion? What groups are aluminum alloys subdivided into according to their technological properties? How are non-heat treated aluminum alloys marked? What are duralumin? Give examples. What alloys are called silumin? What gives them high casting properties? What groups are magnesium alloys divided into? Give brands and fields of application of magnesium alloys. What groups are titanium alloys divided into according to the production method? Give brands and areas of application of titanium alloys. The work was performed by _____________ The work was accepted by __________ 43 Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”REFERENCES 1. Oskin, V.А. Materials Science. Construction materials technology. Book. 1 / V.A. Oskin, V.V. Evsinov. - M .: KolosS, 2008. - 447 p. 2. Materials science and technology of materials: textbook / Ed. A.I. Batyshev and A.A. Smolkin. - M .: INFRA-M, 2013 .-- 288 p. 3. Materials science and technology of metals: textbook / G.P. Fetisov, M.G. Karpman, V.M. Matyunin and others; ed. G.P. Fetisov. - M .: Higher school, 2002. - 638 p. 4. Technology of structural materials: textbook / А.М. Dalsky, T.M. Barsukova, L.N. Bukharkin and others; edited by A.M. Dalsky. - 5th ed., Revised. - M .: Mechanical Engineering, 2003 .-- 512 p. 5. Kitaev, Yu.A. Materials Science. Construction materials technology: guidelines for preparing for practical training. Questions, tests, answers / Yu.A. Kitaev, N.I. Potapov. - Penza: RIO PGSKhA, 2010 .-- 90s. 44 Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBCOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”CONTENTS Laboratory work No. 1 Determination of metal hardness …………………… .... 3 Laboratory work No. 2 Analysis of the state diagram of iron-carbon alloys ………… ………………………………………………………………………. 8 Laboratory work No. 3 Microscopic method for the study of metals and alloys ……………………………………………………………………………. ... 15 Laboratory work No. 4 Study of microstructures of carbon steels in equilibrium state ……………………………………………………………. 20 Laboratory work No. 5 Study of microstructures and properties of cast irons ……………………………………………………………………………… 24 Laboratory work No. 6 Heat treatment of carbon steel ……………………………………………………………………………………. 29 Laboratory work No. 7 Study of microstructures of alloy steels ……… 34 Laboratory work No. 8 Study of microstructures of non-ferrous metals and their alloys …………………………………………………………………… …… .. 39 Literature …………………………………………………………………………. 44 Contents ……………………………………………………………………………… 45 45 Copyright OJSC “CDB“ BIBKOM ”& LLC“ Agency Book-Service ”Ivan Alekseevich Spitsyn Natalia Ivanovna Potapova MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS SECTION "MATERIALS SCIENCE" Workbook for laboratory work Editor IA Spitsyn Computer typesetting IA Spitsyna Signed for printing Format 60x84 1/8 Paper Goznak Print Printed on risograph Conv. print l. , circulation of copies. Order No. ___________________________________________________________________________ RIO PGSKhA 440014, Penza, st. Botanicheskaya, 30 46

Transcript

1 State Autonomous Professional Educational Institution of the Tyumen Region Tobolsk Multidisciplinary Technical School WORKBOOK ON MATERIALS SCIENCE Student of the course, group profession (specialty) Name of student Tobolsk, 2015

2 The workbook of the educational discipline "Fundamentals of Materials Science" was developed in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for the profession of a technical profile "Welder" (electric and gas welding works), approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation dated November 12, 2009 Organization-developer: GAPOU TO "Tobolsk multidisciplinary technical school" Developer: Tomilov A.V., teacher of GAPOU TO "Tobolsk multidisciplinary technical school" Considered at a meeting of the cyclic commission of pedagogical workers technical direction Minutes 8 dated April 22, 2015 Conclusion of the methodological advice 6 dated June 25, 2015 2

3 Contents Guidelines on the use of the workbook General information about materials science. The concept of materials Metals, alloys and their properties Ferrous metals and alloys Non-ferrous metals and alloys Powder metallurgy Heat treatment of metals Polymer materials Ceramic materials Inorganic glass List of recommended information sources 36 Appendices 37 3

4 Methodical recommendations on the use of the workbook Workbook on the discipline "Fundamentals of Materials Science", developed for the profession "Welder" (electric and gas welding) and the specialty Welding production. A workbook can be useful in teaching any professions and specialties with a focus on metalworking. The workbook can be used in lectures and practical classes, for organizing extracurricular independent work... When defining clear criteria for evaluating assignments, the notebook can serve as a control and evaluation material. Using the resources of the workbook allows the teacher to significantly reduce the time for searching and selecting practical material. A variety of assignments: from simple to complex, from standard to creative, allows students not only to consolidate their knowledge and master their skills, but also to expand and deepen them. The non-standard formulation of tasks will increase interest in the discipline and, accordingly, motivation for learning. Before using a workbook, for certain purposes, students need to give clear explanations for each task, as well as formulate the purpose of the work, only at the first stages. Each teacher determines the assessment criteria and presents them to students independently, depending on the level of study of the discipline. Each task is conventionally marked by the author with signs: o simple task; the task medium difficulty; difficult task; creative tasks. The workbook is disposable and is used for individual use. 4

5 Section 1. General information on materials science. The concept of materials o 1.1. Explain what material science studies 1.2. From the proposed list of domestic scientists, founders of materials science, it is necessary to find portraits and sign them: P.P. Anosov, M.V. Lomonosov, S.S. Steinberg, D.K. Chernov, A.M. Butlerov, M.A. Pavlov, I.P. Bardin, S.V. Lebedev, N.A. Minkevich. five

6 1.3. Give a definition: Materials are Structural materials are 1.4. Fill in the scheme: o 1.5. List the characteristic features of the proposed materials: Metals Plastics Wood Rubber Ceramics Glass o 1.6. Give three examples different types materials: Raw materials - Semi-finished products - Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. History of materials science. 2. Interdisciplinary connections of materials science with other sciences. 3. The importance of materials science for the profession of a welder. 4. Subject of materials science. 5. Extraction and receipt of raw and semi-finished materials in the world and in our country. 6. Prospects for the development of materials science. 7. Environmental characteristics of obtaining and using materials. 6

7 Section 2. Metals, alloys and their properties o 2.1. Give a definition: Metals are 2.2. Give examples on various criteria for the classification of metals: 1. Give examples: ferrous metals and alloys of non-ferrous metals and alloys indicate the characteristics of the classification 2. Give examples: low-melting metals refractory metals indicate the characteristics of classification 3. Give examples: heavy metals light metals indicate the characteristics of classification 4. Give examples: pure metal alloys indicate classification signs 2.3. Indicate the Latin and Russian names of metals: For example: Fe Ferrum iron Cu Al Mg Ti Fe Zn Pb Sn Ni Cr o 2.4. Underline the correct statement: - all metals have an amorphous structure; - all metals have a crystalline structure; - all metals in the solid state have a crystalline structure; - only structural metals have a crystalline structure in a solid state, the rest are amorphous. o 2.5. Cross out the wrong statements, crystals are transparent bodies; - solid bodies with the correct shape; - solids, the atoms of which are located in a certain sequence Decipher the abbreviations of the unit cells: BCC FCC GPU 7

8 o 2.7. Give the definition: The unit crystal cell is 2.8. Sign the unit crystal cells: 2.9. Give a definition: Isotropy is Anisotropy is Lines match the elementary crystal lattices and metals: (γ-fe, Ni, Al, Cu, Au, Ag) (Mg, Zn, Cd) (α-fe, Cr, V, Mo, W) ... o Sign what the cell elements represent: 1 2 o Sign the type of point defect: o Sign the type of line defect: o Give a definition: Alloys are 8

9 o Choose the correct answer, the structural elements of the alloy are called: 1. ingredients; 2. components; 3. coefficients. 4.Elements Characterize the phases of the alloys: Mechanical mixture Solid solution Chemical element o List alloys: based on iron based on copper based on aluminum o Underline the groups of properties synonyms: service; operational; physical; chemical; technological; mechanical. o Use the arrows to match the metals and the corrosion formed on them: Copper rust Steel gray deposits Aluminum oxide film Lead patina o Underline the most correct statement: corrosion occurs only as a result of the interaction of metals with liquids; corrosion occurs only as a result of the interaction of metals with gases; corrosion occurs only as a result of the interaction of metals with the atmosphere; corrosion occurs when metals interact with their environment Identify and sign the types of metal corrosion: a b c d e g h 9

10 2.22. Sign and characterize metal coatings as ways of protecting metals from corrosion: Give a definition: Metal bluing is o Describe the metal bluing process Cross out three properties that are not mechanical: Hardness Wear resistance Fatigue Strength Impact strength Elasticity Density Ductility Cold resistance o Write the defined concept is a change in shape and dimensions under the action of loads Write down which mechanical property is determined by the methods of Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers. Solve puzzles: The task "SAMY is the most". Fill in the appropriate metals and their designations the most metal the hardest metal the hardest soft refractory low-melting heavy light expensive cheap common rare 10

11 2.30. Shade on the diagram the areas of the moment of crystallization of the alloys. Fig. 1. Diagram "Fe-Fe 3C" Sign the name of the following lines of the diagram (Fig.1): ACD-AECF Sign the designation of the phases of the diagram (Fig.1): A-; F-; F-; P- ; L-; Fe3C (C) Indicate the eutectic and eutectoid points on the diagram. o Underline the correct one. Which group of properties does the weldability of metals belong to? Mechanical; physical; chemical; technological According to the diagram (Fig. 1), determine and record the melting point of pure iron. C Identify and label which process is shown in the figure? eleven

12 o It is called dendritic. Write down the surname of the Russian scientist in the white ovals of the gold medal. Studied and fully described the process of crystallization of alloys. Who is rightfully called the father of metal science. This medal with a print of his portrait was awarded to him for achievements in the field of science. Write the Greek word that unites tree, nerve cell and crystal. What is shown in the picture? And to whom does this thing belong? Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. Life and work of DK Chernov. 2. The most promising structural metals and alloys. 3. Casting alloys. 4. Anisotropy of metals. 5. Polymorphic transformations. 6. Protection of metals from corrosion. 7. History of the use of metals. 8. Precious metals. 9. Deformation of metals. Hard work. 10. Low-melting metals. 12

13 Section 3. Ferrous metals and alloys o 3.1. Write down which metals and alloys are ferrous? 3.2. In the diagram, continue one of the lines 1, 2, 3 (top), which, in your opinion, separates steel from pig iron, and also indicate the value of the carbon concentration along this demarcation line% C Cross out that of the following is not a raw material for iron smelting Indicate arrows, what they get from: 13

14 3.5. Write down the name of this oven? What is it used for smelting? Write down the main structural parts of the oven 3.6. Fill in the diagram: 3.7. Sign 14 Steel Smelting Furnaces

15 3.8. Complete diagram 3.9. Use the arrows to match the microstructure and name of the cast iron. gray ductile iron cast iron cast iron Write down the designation of words associated with metallurgy. lacquer ichta tein Compare with lines the metals included in the composition of alloy steels and their values. cobalt (Co) increases hardness and strength niobium (Nb) chromium (Cr) nickel (Ni) provides corrosion resistance and increases hardenability increases heat resistance and increases impact resistance helps improve acid resistance and reduces corrosion in welded structures. 15

16 3.12. Decipher the marking of the structural steel. СТ 45 15ХСНД 38ХН3МА Decipher the marking of the tool steel. У10А 9ХВГ Р6М5Ф Decipher the marking of stainless steels. 03ХН28МДТ 03Х16Н15М Using the arrows, compare the tables on the weldability of steels. Decipher the marking of cast irons. ЛР6 ПЛ2 КЧ ЧН3ХМДШ ЧГ6С3Ш АЧС-3 16

17 3.17. Name five items made of cast iron. o Choose the correct answer. The ligature is: - type of steel; - property of steels; - a component added to the composition of metals to change its properties; - a catalyst used in chemical reactions during the melting of alloys. Can iron be found in nature in pure form, if so, in the quality of what? Explain the reasons for the difficulty of welding cast iron. Questions for further study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. Domain process. 2. Products of the blast-furnace process and their application. 3. Types of iron ore. 4. Deposits of iron ore in the Russian Federation. 5. Application of structural steels. 6. Application of tool steels. 7. Application of stainless steels. 8. Converting pig iron. 9. Charge for steel smelting. 10. Intensification of the blast-furnace process. 17

18 Section 4. Non-ferrous metals and alloys o 4.1. What metals are non-ferrous? o 4.2. Please tick the box which method of smelting non-ferrous metals does not exist? 4.3. Fill in the diagram, the classification of non-ferrous metals, specific representatives of Electrolysis, which metal is shown in the figure? 4.5. Use the lines to match the ore and the metal obtained from it. 18

19 4.6. Solve puzzles Determine and sign from what metals products and parts are made. (copper, nickel, aluminum, titanium, lead, magnesium) 4.8. Fill in the pyramid of "gravity" of metals, from bottom to top, in descending order. (titanium, magnesium, copper, nickel, steel, zinc) 4.9. Sign the name of the copper alloys. Copper + tin (up to 6%); Copper + zinc (up to 45%); Copper + Nickel (40%) + Manganese (1.5%); Copper + Nickel (3%) + Manganese (12%); Copper + Nickel + Iron and Manganese (up to 1%); Copper + Nickel (15%) + Zinc (20%); Copper + Nickel (6-13%) + Aluminum (1.5-35). nineteen

20 4.10. Fill in the pyramid with the melting points of the metals. (iron, titanium, aluminum, lead, magnesium, nickel) Sign the composition of aluminum alloys. Duralumin Aluminum +; Magnaliy Aluminum +; Silumin Aluminum +; Avial Aluminum Solve a crossword puzzle Horizontally: 1. Flame furnace for smelting steel. 2. In it, cast iron is blown to steel. 4. Rafting. 5.Welding is. property. 7. Alloy based on copper, almost "Constantine". 8. She covers the cast statues. 12. The process of electrical production of aluminum. 15. Soldiers from it. 16. Metal used for stainless car bodies. 17. The alloy that characterizes the nerves. 18. Eats metal, smothers wood than termites. Vertical: 3. Waste blast furnaces. 6. "Beautiful" structure of metals. 9. Secondary crystallization. 10. Brinell property. 11. "Overcarbonized steel". 13. Pope of Metallurgy. 14. Coal in the blast furnace. 20

21 4.13. Identify metal by description. - Metal, silvery-white, lightweight, ductile, protected from corrosion by a dense oxide film, low-melting. - The metal is pinkish-red, heavy, ductile, fusible, has good conductivity, and is resistant to corrosion. - The metal is silvery-white, lightweight, ductile, corrosive, ignites at high temperatures. - The metal is silvery, lightweight, resistant to corrosion, refractory, has a high specific strength. - Silver-gray metal, ductile, low-melting, heavy, inhibits γ-radiation, is poisonous. o Write down the definition. Babbitt is Name a few items made from pure non-ferrous metals: Describe non-ferrous metallurgy in relation to ferrous. Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. The use of non-ferrous metals. 2. Cast non-ferrous metals. 3. Copper metallurgy. 4. Aluminum metallurgy. 5. Titanium metallurgy. 6. Low-melting metals and their alloys. 7. Weldability of non-ferrous metals and their alloys. 8. Prospects for non-ferrous metallurgy. 9. History of non-ferrous metallurgy. 10. Precious metals. 21

22 Section 5. Powder metallurgy o 5.1. Number the train cars according to the sequence of powder metallurgy steps. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of powder metallurgy. o 5.3. By analogy, complete the expression. Metallurgy metals and alloys. Powder metallurgy Fill in the table. type of powder application alloys raw materials For plain bearings Iron and graphite powders Copper, tin and graphite powders For brake discs Copper, tin, lead, graphite, asbestos, etc. Powders Iron, lead, graphite and asbestos powders For filters Bronze shot For machine parts made of steel and heat-resistant and scale-resistant alloys For wire. For lamps For contacts and permanent magnets For cutting tools. Fiber, borax Powders of iron and various metals Powders of tungsten, molybdenum and other refractory metals Powders of copper, tungsten, etc. Powders of iron, aluminum, nickel and cobalt. Powders of tungsten carbide, titanium carbide, cobalt 22

23 5.5. List the methods of obtaining powders in powder metallurgy; define the term by definition - an artificial material, which is a heterogeneous composition of metals or alloys with non-metals (ceramics). List 10 products made of ceramic-metal materials. Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. History of powder metallurgy. 2. Prospects for powder metallurgy. 3. Methods for obtaining products from cermets. 4. Main components of powder materials. 5. Electrodes for arc welding made of powder materials. 23

24 Section 6. Heat treatment of metals o 6.1. Give a definition. Thermal (heat) treatment is 6.2. Determine and write down the types of steel annealing from the diagram: 6.3. The figure shows the structural transformations in eutectoid steel during full annealing, determine and record the depicted phases of the steel. AND- ; Ts-; F-; P Note which of the graphs below characterizes the heat treatment of metals. o 6.5. Write down what the heat treatment is for. 24

25 6.6. Fill in the diagram “Types of heat treatment: 6.7. Define the concept: processing is a hardening heat treatment of metal products at ultra-low temperatures (below minus 153 C). o 6.6. Fill in the diagram: 6.7. Solve the rebus. (! hint: gives carbon!) 6.8. Give an assessment of the weldability of hardened steel. Write down what substances saturation of the metal occurs in the types of diffusion heat treatment and why they are produced. Aluminating Chromium Siliconizing Boring Sulfiding Sulfocyanating. 25

26 6.10. Arrange the types of heat treatment according to the cooling rate according to the numbering. (1 largest, 4 smallest). o Insert missing properties. When steel is hardened, it increases and decreases Determine according to the schedule and sign the type of heat treatment 1; 2; 3; 4. What do the points mean, which of their meanings: Ac1, Ac3, o Emphasize the correct answer: Aging in heat treatment is A) The process of metal destruction due to its fatigue. B) Damage to the metal by corrosion, threatening performance. C) A kind of vacation. D) Mechanical property. 26

27 6.14. Fill in the second column of the table and arrange the temperature values. Basic transformations in iron-carbon alloys during slow heating and cooling Line on the diagram Transformation temperature, С Description of transformation Designation of critical points PSK Transformation of pearlite into austenite. Conversion of austenite to pearlite Ac1, Ar1 MO GS SE IE - ECF - Loss of magnetic properties for steels with carbon content up to 0.5%. The emergence of magnetic properties for the same steels. End of dissolution of ferrite in austenite in hypoeutectoid steels. Beginning of ferrite separation from austenite in hypoeutectoid steels. End of dissolution of cementite in austenite in hypereutectoid steels. The beginning of the separation of cementite from austenite in hypereutectoid steels. The beginning of steel melting when heated. The end of the solidification of steel upon cooling The beginning of melting of cast iron upon heating. End of solidification of cast iron during cooling Ac2, Ar2 Ac3, Ar3 Acm, Arm Fill in the table Defects during annealing and normalization Type of defect Causes of occurrence Ways of elimination Defects during quenching Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. Heat treatment of alloy steels. 2. Heat treatment of aluminum and alloys based on it. 3. Heat treatment of copper and its alloys. 4. Heat treatment of titanium and titanium alloys. 5. Heat treatment of magnesium and its alloys. 6. Heat treatment of cast iron. 7. Sources of heat during heat treatment. 8. Heat treatment when welding metals. 27

28 Section 7. Polymeric materials 7.1. Fill in the scheme: o 7.2. Give a definition. Plastics (plastics) is 7.3. Arrange the type of polymer according to the numbering. 28

7.4. Fill in the table for the composition of complex plastics component purpose what is used as a component resin fillers plasticizers lubricants stabilizers dyes catalysts o 7.5. Describe the type of plastics: Thermosetting Thermoplastic 7.6. Fill the table. Thermoplastic plastics plastic Scope of application polyethylene polystyrene polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polycarbonate polycarbonates Thermosetting plastics plastic scope of application phenoplastics aminoplastics glass fibers polyesters epoxy o 7.7. Give a definition. Rubber is o 7.8. Please indicate the main properties of rubber: 29

30 o 7.9. Define the term: it is a highly vulcanized rubber with a high sulfur content, usually dark brown in color, chemically inert, has high electrical insulating properties List the main rubber ingredients Indicate the positive and negative aspects of the use of plastics On the thermomechanical line, determine the state of the polymer in various temperature regions: I - II- III- 30

31 7.13. Solve the rebus. o Arrange the numbering of train cars according to the sequence of stages of manufacturing rubber products. List reinforcing substances for the manufacture of polymer composites: o List the methods of welding plastics. Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. History of the use of plastics. 2. The history of the use of rubber. 3. The history of the development of synthetic rubber Lebedev S.V. 4. Prospects for the development of polymer materials. 5. Environmental component of polymer production. 6. Environmental assessment of polymeric materials. 7. Polymeric materials with special properties. 8. The use of plastics in welding. 9. Application of ebonite. 10. Processing of plastics in various states. 31

32 Section 8. Ceramic materials o 8.1. Give a definition. Ceramics is 8.2. Fill in the diagram: 8.3. What is the difference between ceramics and sitalls? How does ceramics save people and military equipment? 8.5. Choose the most promising method for welding technical ceramics. o 8.6. Arrange the numbering of the train carriages according to the sequence of stages of the ceramics technique. Fill in the table "Types of technical ceramics". Groups of technical ceramics 1 structural Type of ceramics (1-2 of the group) Composition Application 2 instrumental 3 electro-radio engineering 4 with special properties 32

33 8.7. What is the origin of the word "Ceramics" 8.8. Solve the rebus What are the advantages of ceramic materials over others? Select any classroom, workshop and room in the house, and list all materials made from ceramics. Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. History of ceramics. 2. Classification of ceramics. 3. The use of ceramics. 4. Prospects for the development of ceramic materials. 5. The use of ceramics in welding production. 6. The advantages of ceramics over other materials. 33

34 Section 9. Inorganic glass o 9.1. What is called glass? 9.2. Write down in the diagram "types of glass" (by glass-forming substances) according to the formulas: o 9.3. Define the term: is crystal glass. o 9.4. What glass is the most common and used for making windows in everyday life? 9.5. Indicate the main properties that determine the use of glass Fill in the table "Materials from glass": type of material 1 sheet glass 2 triplex 3 thermopan what is the application 4 stalinite 5 fiberglass 6 glass wool 7 glass block 8 foam glass 34

35 9.7. Write down the main industries of application of glass materials, give examples. Compare the types of glass and their formulas with lines. What is photochromic glass and how they are used in welding. o Describe what filters are for and where they are used. o Specify the wine of glass with this composition Specify the methods of glass welding: Questions for additional study (topics for messages, abstracts, presentations) 1. History of glass. 2. The contribution of domestic scientists to the study of glass. 3. Filters for welding. 4. Glass making. 5. Classification of glasses and glass materials. 6. Armored glass. 7. Prospects for the use of glass materials. 35

36 Sources of information References 1. Adaskin A.M. Materials science (metalworking): textbook. for the beginning. prof. images. / A.M. Adaskin, V.M. Zuev. 6th ed., Erased. M .: Publishing Center "Academy", p. - (Professional education). 2. Vishnevetsky Yu.T. Materials Science for Technical Colleges: A Textbook. M .: Dashkov and Co., Zaplatin V.N. Reference manual on materials science (metalworking): textbook. manual for the beginning. prof. education / V. N. Zaplatin, Yu. I. Sapozhnikov, A. V. Dubov; ed. V.N. Zaplatina. M .: Publishing Center "Academy", p. 4. Materials science: Textbook for open source software. / Adaskin A.M. and others. Ed. Solomentseva Yu.M. M .: Higher. shk., Materials Science: Textbook for SPO. / Ed. Batienko V.T. M .: Infra-M, Moryakov O.S. Materials science: Textbook for open source software. M .: Academy, Fundamentals of materials science (metalworking): Textbook. manual for NGOs. / Zaplatin V.N. Moscow: Academy, Yu.P. Solntsev Materials science: Textbook for open source software. M .: Academy, Handbook of structural materials. / Ed. Arzamasova B.N. M .: MGTU im. Bauman, Cherepakhin A.A. Materials science: Textbook for open source software. M .: Academy, Chumachenko Yu.T. Materials science and plumbing: Textbook. allowance. Rostov n / a .: Phoenix, Chumachenko Yu.T. Materials science: Textbook for open source software. Rostov n / a .: Phoenix, List of periodicals 1. “All materials. Encyclopedic reference. Ch. editor acad. RAS A.A. Berlin. Science and Technology Publishing House. 2. Journal "Materials Science". Ch. editor acad. RAS K.A. Solntsev. Science and Technology Publishing House. 3. Journal "Problems of Materials Science". Ch. editor d. tech. Sciences, Associate Professor A.S. Oryshchenko. Publishing house FSUE "TsNII KM" Prometey ". 4. Journal "Technology of metals". Ch. editor dr tech. sciences, prof. S. B. Maslenkov. Science and Technology Publishing House. 5. Electronic scientific and technical journal "News of materials science, science and technology" List of Internet resources 1. Materials science. Free educational resource. Access mode: 2. Materials science. Crib. Access mode: 3. Materials science. Lecture course. Access mode: 4. Materials science. Construction materials technology. I. A. Khvorova. Tutorial in in electronic format... Access mode: 5. Materials science. A.V. Elantsev. Access mode: 6. Materials science. Cheat sheet book. E.M. Buslaeva. Access Mode: 36

37 Appendices Table 1. Symbols of alloying elements in metals and alloys Element Symbol Designation of elements in grades of metals and alloys Element Symbol Designation of elements in grades of metals and alloys black non-ferrous black non-ferrous N A - Neodymium Nd - Nm Aluminum A1 Yu A Nickel Ni - H Barium Ba - Br Niobium Nb B NP Beryllium Be L Tin Sn - O Boron B p - Osmium Os - Vanadium Os V f Vam Palladium Pd - Pd bismuth Bi Vi Vi Platinum Pt - Pl Tungsten W B - Praseodymium Pr - Pr Gadolinium Gd - Gn Rhenium Re - Re Gallium Ga Guy Guy Rh - Rg Hafnium Hf - Gf Mercury Hg - P Germanium Ge - G Ruthenium Ru - Pv Holmium No - GOM Samarium Sm - Dysprosium Sam Dv - DIM Lead Pb - C Europium Eu - Ev Selenium Se K ST Iron Fe - F Silver Ag - Wed Gold Au - Eg Scandium Sc - C km Indium In - In Antimony Sb - Cv Iridium Ir - I Thallium Tl - T Ytterbium Yb - ITN Tantalum Ta - TT Yttrium Y - IM Tellurium Te - T Cadmium Cd Cd Cd Terbium Tb - Tom Cobalt Co K K Titanium Ti T TPD Silicon Si C Cr (K) Tm - TUM Lanthanum La - La Coal genus C U - Lithium Li - Le Phosphorus P p F Lutetium Lu - Lyun Chromium Cr x X (Chr) Magnesium Mg W Mg Cerium Ce - Ce Manganese Mn G Mc (Mp) Zinc Zn - C Copper Cu D M Zirconium Zr CEV Molybdenum Mo M - Erbium Er - Erm 37

38 Table 2 Table 3. Approximate chemical compositions of industrial glasses Glass SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O B2O3 BaO F PbO Window Polished Container High-quality Chemical laboratory Electrovacuum Optical Crystal 71.6 73.2 73.7 74.5 68.7 71.9 53.5 57.5 1.5 1.3 0.2 0.5 3.8 8.8 0.5 7.8 7.8 9.1 6.5 8.4 5.5 4.0 3, 8 1.75 2.0 0.8 3.5 15.1 13.9 15.2 14.0 9.7 16.l 2.0 6.1 1.0 16.2 15.5 2.5 16 , 2 1.0 2.0 ZnO 1.0 Depending on the types of glass, they are presented with different technical requirements, which are formulated in GOST ( state standards). 5,

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