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Since ancient times, the rose remains the unsurpassed queen of flowers, a symbol of beauty and grandeur. According to archaeological data, the rose has existed on Earth for about 25 million years, and in the culture of the rose has been grown for more than 5000 years and for most of this time it was considered a sacred symbol. It was grown in the gardens of the East several millennia ago and the very first information about the rose is found in ancient Indian legends, although Persia is considered the homeland. Bengal roses come from India and tea roses come from China. According to legend, Lakshmi, the most beautiful woman in the world, was born of an Israeli rosebud. The Queen of Flowers was also valued by privileged persons. Bred roses under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. For the ancient Greeks, the rose has always been a symbol of love and sadness, a symbol of the perfect in poetry and painting.

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According to the legend of violet (pansies): in the three-colored petals of pansies reflected three periods of the life of the girl Anyuta with a good heart and gullible eyes. She lived in the village, she believed every word, she found excuse for any act. I met an insidious seducer at my misfortune and with all my heart fell in love with him. And the young man was frightened of her love and hurried on the road, assuring that he would return soon. Anyutan watched the road for a long time, quietly fading from longing. And when she died, flowers appeared at the place of her burial, in the three-colored petals of which hope, surprise and sadness were reflected. This is a Russian legend about a flower. The ancient Greeks associated the appearance of these flowers with the daughter of the Argos king Io, who fell in love with Zeus, for which his wife Hero was turned into a cow. To brighten up the life of her beloved somehow, Zeus grew pansies for her, which symbolized the love triangle. Violet is the favorite flower of the Empress Josephine and the emblem of Napoleonids.

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The ancient Greek myth tells about the origin of cloves. Once, the hunting goddess Diana (Artemis), returning very annoyed after an unsuccessful hunt, met a beautiful shepherd who cheerfully played a fun song on his pipe. Beside herself with anger, she reproaches the poor shepherd for the fact that he dispersed the game with his music and threatens to kill him. The shepherd makes excuses, swears that he is not guilty of anything and begs her for mercy. But the goddess, not remembering herself with rage, pounces on him and rips out his eyes. Then only she comes to her senses and comprehends all the horror of perfect crime. Then, in order to perpetuate these eyes that looked so pitiful at her, she throws them onto the path, and at the same moment two red carnations grow out of them, reminiscent of innocent blood spilled in color .. French girls, escorting their guys to the army, also gave them bouquets of red carnations, expressing thereby the wish that loved ones return unharmed and undefeated. Warriors believed in the miraculous power of cloves and wore it as a talisman. I came to the court of cloves and Italians. Her image was included in the state emblem, and the girls considered carnation to be the mediator of love: for a young man going to battle, they pinned a flower to his uniform to protect him from dangers. This flower was considered to be the security talisman of love in Spain. The Spaniards managed to secretly make appointments to their gentlemen, pinning cloves of different colors on their chests for this purpose. In Belgium, cloves are considered to be a flower of the poor or common people, a symbol of a comfortable home. Parents present a bouquet of flowers to their daughter, who is getting married. Carnations are the decoration of dining tables. In England and Germany, for a long time, cloves were considered a symbol of love and purity. It was the Germans who gave the flower the name “clove” - for the similarity of its aroma with the smell of spices, dried buds of cloves, from German this designation turned into Polish, and then into Russian.

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Since ancient times, people worshiped lilies as one of the most beautiful creatures on earth. Even the wish of well-being was: “Let your path be strewn with roses and lilies.” The symbol of hope in ancient Greece, peace and purity in Russia, and in France these flowers meant mercy, compassion and justice. Although lilies come in different colors, but it’s white flowers are given a special symbolic meaning. White lily - symbolizes innocence and from ancient times personifies purity and purity. It is no coincidence that lilies are flowers of brides. Yes, and the name of the flower in translation from ancient Greek means "white-white." The Greeks attribute to her a divine origin. A significant role was played by the lily among the Romans, especially in their flower festivities dedicated to the goddess of spring - Flora. But nowhere else did the lily have such historical significance as in France, where the names of the founder of the French monarchy of Clovis, the kings of Louis VII, Philip III, Francis I.

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Flower legends

There are many legends about the appearance of flowers on our planet. Here is what one of them says. In ancient times, in the darkness and cold lay Mother Earth Cheese. And once pierced Yarilo (among the ancient Slavs the god of the sun, spring and fertility) with the flame of his gaze, the layers of darkness over the sleeping Earth. The Red Sun shone immediately, giving light and warmth to an awakening planet. She eagerly drank generous sunbeams, basked in her youthful beauty, gathering herself to the brim of life-giving power. Then said Yarilo, shining with wise eyes: “Oh, you that, Mother of the Earth Cheese! Love me, the bright god. For your love, I will adorn you with blue seas, yellow sands, blue rivers, silver lakes, green grass-ant, scarlet flowers, azure ... "That's how the flowers came to Earth. Since then, every spring, Yarilo has been awakened from a winter dream, mounted on her horses and adorned Mother Earth with flowers.

Water Lily This story happened in ancient Italy. Once upon a time there was a beautiful Melinda. And the marsh king was watching her all the time. The king’s eyes twinkled when he looked at the beautiful girl, and although he was scary as hell, nevertheless he became Melinda’s husband, and he was helped to get the beauty by the yellow small egg embodying from ancient times treason and treachery. Walking with friends by the swampy lake, Melinda admired the golden floating flowers, reached for one of them, stepped on the coastal stump, in which the lord of the bog hid, and he carried the girl to the bottom. At the place of her death, snow-white flowers with a yellow core surfaced. These colors were water lilies.

CAMELIA Legend tells: somehow, Cupid was so successful in his affairs that not a single person was left not struck by his arrows. There was nothing more to do on earth, and Cupid went to Saturn. There he saw beautiful ice women. The whole quiver echoed in them, but not a single woman even raised an eyebrow ... The offended Cupid descended to the ground, and - lo and behold: all the icy women came after him and turned into camellia flowers. Beautiful and fearless.

Ivan-tea There lived in one Russian locality a guy Ivan. He liked to walk in a red shirt and spent most of his time at the edge of the meadow among flowers and shrubs. And the villagers, who saw a red color among the greenery, said: "Yes, this is Ivan, tea, he walks." And so they got used to it, that they did not notice the absence of Ivan in the village and began to say: “Yes, this is Ivan, tea!” - on the scarlet flowers that suddenly appeared at the outskirts. So the name ivan-tea took root behind the new plant.

Immortal According to Native American legend, an immortal was born as follows: in one village a guy and a girl got married. Departing from the bride’s father’s wigwam after the wedding to the husband’s parents, the young people met wild animals who at once torn them to pieces. Residents buried the newlyweds on the banks of the river. And in the spring at the place of their burial a light - lilac flower suddenly appeared. The hunter, passing by him, exclaimed with dismay: “Live forever!”, And nature accepted a good wish.

Rose It is believed that roses are the first plants introduced into cultures for the sake of their flowers, possibly because of the ease of their terry forms. In no other plants did flowers evoke such admiration of people for their beauty and aroma and did not awaken such inspiration among people of art. In ancient Persia, poets did not tire of singing a rose. According to Persian legends, it was a gift from Allah himself. Once all flowers came to him with a request to appoint them a new overlord instead of a sleepy lotus - although he was handsome, he often forgot about his duties. Allah heeded their request and appointed a white rose with sharp spikes guarding her. The nightingale, seeing the new queen of flowers, was fascinated by her beauty and enthusiastically pressed a rose to his chest. But sharp thorns pierced his heart, and red blood, splashing from the unfortunate chest, irrigated the delicate petals of a marvelous flower. To this day, the outer petals of many roses retain their pink hue.

Jasmine The first mention of fragrant jasmine was found in ancient Egyptian papyrus. The Greeks believed that jasmine was given to people by the goddess of wisdom Athena. In the Philippines, jasmine is called sampagita. Sampagita since 1937 is the national flower of the Philippines. Filipinos welcome dear guests with garlands of white fragrant flowers, wreaths and necklaces from sampagita are put on their head and neck. Sampagita is used in various cultural and religious ceremonies. Sampagita is considered a flower of purity, fidelity and love.

Lily of the valley Lily of the valley is compared to tears and an old legend says that this wonderful flower grew from tears that fell to the ground. The delicate aroma of lily of the valley attracts bees and bumblebees, which contribute to the pollination of flowers, after which first green, and when ripening orange-red berries develop. A poetic legend is dedicated to them: once, a long time ago, Lily of the valley fell in love with the beautiful Spring and, when she left, mourned her with such burning tears that blood came out of his heart and stained tears. The loving lily of the valley as silently endured his grief as he carried the joy of love.

Dahlia A legend lives among the people, according to which this beautiful flower owes its name to the young gardener George. In ancient times, dahlia was a royal flower and could grow only in the palace garden. And he would remain a royal captive, if not for the gardener George ... Despite the severe ban, the gardener gave this flower to his bride, and then planted the same flower near her house. Upon learning of this, the king ordered the gardener to be thrown into prison, where he died. But the royal flower has already broken free and has become a favorite among the people. In honor of the young gardener George, who gave his life for his freedom, the flower was called a dahlia. Now they are known in almost all countries of the world.

Sunflower Greek myth tells how Klitia, daughter of the king of Babylon, was abandoned in love by the sun-god Apollo, because he turned his attention to her sister Levkotoy. Klitia’s jealousy caused her sister’s death. She herself, rejected by God, slowly died and turned into a flower, which always turns its face towards the sun.

KROKUS History of the name and origin of crocus (saffron): comes from the Greek word "kroke" - a thread. Saffron - from the Arabic "sepheran" - yellow. In the East, saffron is valued highly; no less in price was it among the Greeks and Romans. Aromatic water was prepared from saffron, which was sprayed with rooms, halls, theaters, clothes, put in drink and food. It was also used to make odorous ointment. There is a Greek myth describing the appearance of saffron flowers: “A friend named Crocus had a visit to the god of Mercury. Once, throwing a disk, Mercury accidentally hit a disk in Crocus and killed him. A saffron flower grew from the ground with stained blood.”

Carnation Legend says that once the goddess Diana, returning very irritated from an unsuccessful hunt, met a beautiful shepherd at the edge of the forest, who cheerfully played the flute. In anger, she accused the shepherd of her failure and the fact that because of him and his music, all the game fled, and the hunt fell. The poor young man made excuses, swore that he was not guilty of anything, and begged for mercy. But the goddess, not hearing anything, and, not remembering herself with rage, attacked the shepherdess and pulled out his eyes. When she regained consciousness, remorse began to torment her, but she was no longer able to correct what she had done. Then, in order to at least slightly make amends and perpetuate the memory of the young man, Diana threw her eyes on the path. And at the same moment, two carnations grew from them, their color resembling innocently spilled blood.

Cornflower One of the Roman legends reports that the cornflower got its name from the beautiful youth Cyanus, who was so fascinated by the beauty of blue wildflowers that he dressed in all blue. He never left the field while cornflowers grew on them, and endlessly wove wreaths and garlands from them. After some time, he was found dead on a grain field among his favorite flowers. The goddess Flora, whom the young man loved more than others, for his constancy and love for her, as a sign of special location, turned the young man's body into a favorite flower, which has since been called Cyanus.

GLADIOLUS Translated from Latin "gladiolus" - "sword", and therefore the Romans considered it a flower of gladiators. One of the legends tells how a flower appeared on the earth. There was a war between the Romans and the Thracians. The victory went to the Romans. The cruel Roman commander captured the Thracian soldiers and ordered them to be turned into gladiators. Longing for homeland connected the two young prisoners Sent and Teresa with strong friendship. Wanting to entertain the audience, the cruel commander made two friends fight against each other, promising the winner a reward - returning to their homeland, that is, for what they were ready to give their lives. On the military spectacle came the curious. They blew trumpets, urging the brave to battle, but Saint and Teres thrust their swords into the ground and rushed to each other with open arms. They were put to death. But as soon as the bodies touched the ground, tall beautiful flowers blossomed from the hilt of their swords. In honor of the noble gladiators they were called gladioli. And still they are a symbol of fidelity, nobility, memory.

Lilac An ancient Greek legend tells: young Pan - the god of forests and meadows - once met the beautiful river nymph Siringa - the gentle messenger of the morning dawn, and so admired her grace and gentle beauty that he forgot about his amusements. Pan decided to speak with Syringa, but she got scared and ran away. Pan ran after her, wanting to calm her down, but the nymph suddenly turned into a fragrant bush with delicate lilac flowers. Pan inconsolably cried near the bush and since then became sad, walking alone in the thickets of the forest, tried to do good to everyone. So the name Syringa became the Latin name for lilac.

PION They suggest that the scientific name of peony, or peon - peony dates back to the Hellenic deity Pean. In pre-Homer times, Pean was revered as the omnipotent abominer of evil. In his honor, hymns composed of a special size, pean, were sung. According to the second assumption, the peony is named after the area of \u200b\u200bLyon in Greece, where it used to grow in the wild. The flower got its name in honor of the young doctor Peon, who cured all kinds of diseases with a decoction and drops of flowers. He also healed the god of the underworld of Pluto from the wounds inflicted by Heracles. Learning about this, the teacher of Peon Aesculapius envied his student and decided to poison Peon. But Pluto turned the youth into a beautiful flower.

Pansies Pansies were already known to the ancient Greeks, in whom even the famous legend about the beautiful Io was associated with their origin. Zeus fell in love with the beautiful Io and, to hide her from his wife, turned her into a cow. It is said that these flowers were grown by Jupiter as a delicious food for this unfortunate, to somewhat soften her bitter fate; and therefore, probably, in ancient Greece they were also called the flowers of Jupiter. In the Middle Ages, the viola served as a symbol of fidelity in love and it was customary to present each other its portraits, placed in an enlarged image of this flower.

CHRISANTEMA The Japanese have long been celebrating the holiday of chrysanthemums, because The legend of the origin of Japan is also connected with the magical properties of the flower. In ancient times, a cruel emperor ruled in China. He was informed that on one of the nearest islands there is a chrysanthemum plant, from the juice of which you can prepare a life elixir. But only a person with a pure heart and good intentions can pick a flower. The emperor and his courtiers were sinful people, and three hundred young men and women who did not return to the cruel emperor were sent to the island; Fascinated by the nature of the island, they founded the new state of Japan.

LILY Lily got its name from the ancient Gallic word "li-li", which literally means "white-white". Its first images are found on Cretan vases and frescoes, starting from 1750 BC, and then - among the ancient Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. According to ancient Greek legend, the Theban Queen Alkmena secretly gave birth to a boy Heracles from Zeus, but, fearing the punishment of Zeus's wife, Hera, hid the newborn in the bushes. However, Hera accidentally discovered the boy and decided to breastfeed him. But little Hercules sensed the enemy in Hera and rudely pushed the goddess away. Milk splashed into the sky, which formed the Milky Way, and the few drops that fell to the ground, sprouted and turned into lilies.

Forget-me-not Once, the flower goddess Flora descended to the ground and began to give flowers names. She gave a name to all the flowers, she didn’t offend anyone and wanted to leave, but she suddenly heard a faint voice behind her: “Do not forget me, Flora!” Give me some name too! Flora looked around - invisible to no one. Again she wanted to leave, but the voice repeated: - Do not forget me, Flora! Please give me a name! And only Flora noticed a small blue flower in the herbs. “Good,” said the goddess, “be forget-me-not.” Together with the name I endow you with wonderful power - you will return the memory to those people who begin to forget their loved ones or their homeland.

IRIS According to legend, the first iris blossomed several million years ago at the edge of the subtropical forests in Southeast Asia. He was so beautiful that not only all animals, birds and insects gathered to admire him, but even water and wind, which then spread ripened flower seeds all over the globe. And when the seeds sprouted and bloomed, the iris flowers became one of man’s favorite plants. Florence is only called by the Romans Florence, because at that time irises grew in abundance around this Etruscan settlement, and the literal translation from Latin into Russian “Florence” means “blooming”. Arabs in ancient times planted wild iris with white flowers on the graves.

Chamomile (common navyavik) Chamomiles are similar in shape to umbrellas, and according to legend, in ancient times they were umbrellas among little dwarves. It will begin to rain in the steppe, the gnome will hide with a chamomile or pick it and walks along the steppe, raising a flower above his head. Rain knocks on a chamomile umbrella, trickles down from it, and the gnome remains completely dry. And chamomiles look like surprised eyes. If you go out on a meadow on a dry windy day and listen carefully, you can hear a quiet rustle - this is the rustle of white daisy eyelashes. Surprised chamomile eyes look at the sky, trying to understand the movements of clouds, stars and planets.

Astra If you have ever looked at a silver star for a long time, you probably noticed that the star is not just a luminous point, it emits either blue, white, or pink light. As if calling someone sending signals. The ancient people, noticing this, began to look closely at the trees and flowers surrounding them ... and they saw small light blue flowers with yellow circles in the middle, which, swaying from a light breeze, resembled the light and wobble of stars. "Aster!" - they exclaimed, which in translation into Russian means “star”. Since then, the name "aster" has remained behind the flower.

Daisy Daisy is one of the first to open after sunrise, for which it is affectionately called the "eye of the day." And in translation from Greek “daisy” - “pearl”. And indeed, the countless little daisy flowers seem like little pearls. White or pinkish flowers form beautiful borders on our flower beds.

There is a very beautiful legend about the origin of this small little white or pinkish, forming beautiful borders on our flower beds and beautiful groups on a green flower lawn. It is said that the Blessed Virgin Mary, wishing once in the winter to give pleasure to little Jesus and give him a wreath of flowers, not finding a single one in the fields beaten by cold, decided to make them herself artificially from silk. And so, making various flowers, she made the ones that the baby Jesus especially liked. These were small daisies made of yellow silk and thick white threads. While preparing them, the Most Holy Theotokos repeatedly pricked her fingers with a needle, and drops of blood dyed these threads in places with a reddish or pinkish color. That is why, in addition to white petals, pinkish ones are also found and on the underside they are often painted red. These flowers liked the baby Jesus so much that he kept them all winter like a jewel, and when spring came, he planted them in the Nazareth Valley and began to water them. And suddenly these artificial flowers came to life, took root, began to grow and, growing more and more, moving from one country to another, soon grew throughout the land. And now, as if in remembrance of this miracle, these pretty flowers are blooming from early spring to late autumn, and there is no country in the world where they could not be found.

Primrose Primroses, or primrose (from the Latin. "Primus" - "first"), have long been known to people, as evidenced by numerous legends and legends. So, in some places in Germany there was a belief that the girl who first found the primrose would certainly get married this year. Ancient Scandinavians considered primrose the keys of Freya's spring. The ancient Greeks called primrose the flower of the twelve gods. According to medieval legend, primrose is nothing but the keys to the gates of paradise, which accidentally fell out of the hands of a watchman dozing in heaven - the apostle Peter. Peter rushed to catch them, but it was too late: the keys fell to the ground, and primrose primrose grew out of them.

Lotus Since time immemorial in ancient Egypt, India and China, the lotus has been a particularly revered and sacred plant. Among the ancient Egyptians, the lotus flower symbolized the resurrection from the dead, and one of the hieroglyphs was depicted as a lotus and meant joy. In ancient Greek mythology, the lotus was the emblem of the beauty goddess Aphrodite. In ancient Greece, tales were spread about people eating the lotus - “lotophages”, or “lotus eaters”. According to legend, the one who tastes lotus flowers will never want with the homeland of this plant. For many nations, the lotus symbolized fertility, health, prosperity, longevity, purity, spirituality, hardness and the sun. In the East, this plant is still considered a symbol of perfect beauty. In Assyrian and Phoenician cultures, the lotus personified death, but a simultaneous rebirth and future life. Among the Chinese, the lotus personified the past, present and future, since each plant simultaneously has buds, flowers and seeds.

Anthurium In ancient times, people lived in tribes, and the cruel leader ruled them. One day he wanted to marry a beautiful fifteen year old girl from a neighboring tribe. But the young beauty did not like the cruel ruler, and she refused him. The leader was furious because of the rebellion of the girl. He attacked the village in which she lived with her family, and forcefully took her to him. On the wedding day lit a festive bonfire. But the young beauty could not imagine life without her loved ones. And she did not want to put up with fate, to become the leader’s wife. In a red wedding dress, she threw herself into a bonfire. But the gods had mercy on her, and before she fell into the fire, she turned into a red flower of anthurium, as graceful as the young beauty was. And the gods turned the whole village into a dense, impenetrable rainforest.

Poppy When the first people appeared on earth, nature made sure that they not only hunted and worked, but also rested calmly. For relaxation, nature gave people night. The night hid the world from people so that people would not see anything and sleep peacefully. However, despite this, people continued to stay awake at night. The night, feeling powerless, wrapped its head in fog and cried slowly, and dew appeared on the ground from its tears. Seeing a sad night, nature took pity on it and sent a dream to husbands: alone with her husband, nature thought, it would be easier for nights to calm people and make them sleep ... Indeed, nights and sleep it became easier to cope with people, but not everyone obeyed them . Then nature made sure that children appeared at night and sleep - dreams that could distract people and make them forget. And yet, neither night, nor sleep, nor dreams could completely euthanize a preoccupied person. The dream was angry at his own weakness, stuck a royal rod in the ground and flew away. Dreams enveloped the rod with dreams, night breathed life into it, and the rod took root, turned green and opened with beautiful flowers. So poppy appeared on earth.

Phlox In Greek, phlox means flame. According to legend, they were flaming torches, in the hands of sailors and Odysseus, descending into the underworld of Hades. They were secretly followed by the god of love Eros, who constantly guarded Odysseus's love for Penelope. When the satellites got out of the dungeon and threw torches to the ground, they sprouted and turned into phlox flowers in memory of the bold Odyssey. Eros did not part with the torch, but, weary of a difficult journey, dozed off unexpectedly. While he was sleeping, the nymph stole the torch and, in order to leave unnoticed, decided to extinguish it at a nearby source. But, when she lowered the torch into the water, the source lit up, boiled, and its water became healing. Now the weak people go swimming in the healing waters and return the body to young strength.

Hyacinth The name of the flower "hyacinth" in Greek means "rain flower", but the Greeks at the same time called it a flower of sorrow and also a "flower of memory" about Hyacinth. The young son of Tsar Sparta Hyacinth was so beautiful that he overshadowed the beauty of even the Olympian gods. The beautiful youth was patronized by the gods of the south wind Zephyr and Apollo. One day, Apollo and Hyacinth competed in discus throwing. Higher and higher, a bronze shell rose, but it was impossible to give preference to any of the athletes - Hyacinth was in no way inferior to God. Straining his last strength, Apollo threw the disk under the very clouds, but Zephyr, fearing the defeat of a friend, blew so hard that the disk suddenly hit Hyacinth in the face. The wound was fatal. Apollo, saddened by the death of the young man, turned drops of his blood into beautiful flowers so that his memory would live forever among people.

Delphinium Greek legends are inclined to assert that once an unusually gifted young man lived in Ancient Hellas, who, from memory, sculpted his dead beloved and breathed life into the statue. And the gods for such an extraordinary insolence turned him into a dolphin. Every evening a dolphin swam to the shore, every evening a girl revived by him came up to the shore, but they could not meet. The girl looked full of love into the distance to the sea, a light breeze swayed the curls of her shiny hair, and the narrow eyebrows of the beautiful woman arched, giving her face an expression of hidden longing. But then the girl started, her eyes shone: on the iridescent waves, she saw a dolphin: in his mouth he held a delicate flower emitting azure light. Majestically and gracefully, the dolphin swam to the shore and laid a sad flower at the girl’s feet, which turned out to be a dolphinium flower.

Narcissus The Greek myth tells of an unfortunate young man named Narcissus. The son of the river god Kefissa and the beautiful nymph conquered women's hearts with her beauty. The nymph Echo, captivated by his beauty, brutally suffered from unrequited love and, in the end, died, leaving a voice. It just so happened that the young man’s heart did not reciprocate. In punishment, Nemesis prophesied Narcissus once to experience an all-consuming feeling of unrequited love. And soon the prophecy came true: on a sultry day the young man bent over the stream to quench his thirst and, seeing his own reflection in the mirror surface of the water, froze. Narcissus was fascinated, in love with unconsciousness. He did not sleep, did not eat, only admired himself, until he died. At the place where the soul left the body, a beautiful lonely flower with a drooping head grew. And the mythical goddess of retribution - the Furies - hastened to decorate their heads.

Ivan da Maria In the deciduous forests, on moist peat meadows, a two-color flower grows - Ivan da Maria. There is a belief that this flower is able to reconcile quarreling spouses. He owes his name to the husband and wife whom Ivan and Mary called. The legend says: once Ivan and Mary walked along the road. We got to the fork. Then Ivan says: “Let's turn left”, and Marya to him: “No, right.” Ivan says “left”, and Marya repeats “right”. They stood at the fork. Ivan has a purple shirt and a yellow handkerchief near Mary. Here they are standing and arguing, but from each other nowhere. And they turned into a flower with one stalk for two, which became known as Ivan da Marya.

The bell The bell has 5 petals, as a rule, and the one who looks at this flower, which grows in the forest or in the field, will always love and will be loved. This flower is a symbol of happy, tender and mutual love.

The catchment The scientific name of the catchment is aquilegia. And in the people it is also called doves, in all likelihood, due to the similarity of the shape of the corolla with the dove. One of the popular nicknames of this plant is associated with a legend. In a small French village there lived a grumpy woman, annoying her husband with endless nitpicking. The husband could not stand it and decided to part with the grumble. The woman got scared, turned to people for help, and one of the residents, wanting to help the unfortunate, recommended a woman to boil the flowers of the catchment, and as soon as she had a desire to grumble, put water in her mouth and hold it until the desire to teach her husband will disappear. The woman followed good advice. There was silence and grace in the house, and the French have since called the catchment the grass of a grumpy woman.

Marigolds The Latin name of the plant was in honor of the son of Genius and the grandson of Jupiter - Tages (Taget). This character of ancient Greek mythology became famous for being able to predict the future. Tages was a boy, but his intelligence was unusually high, and he possessed the gift of foresight. Similar myths existed among the Etruscans. Tages appeared to people in the form of a baby whom the plowman found in a furrow. The child told people about the future of the world, taught to guess on the insides of animals, and then disappeared as unexpectedly as he appeared. The predictions of the baby god were recorded in the prophetic books of the Etruscans and delivered to posterity. In China, marigolds are a symbol of longevity, so they are called "flowers of ten thousand years." In Hinduism, this flower personified with the god Krishna. In the language of flowers, marigolds mean fidelity.

Calendula A boy was born in one poor family. He grew up sick and weak, so his name was not by name, but simply by Frozen. When the boy grew up, he learned the secrets of medicinal plants and learned how to treat people with their help. Patients from all the surrounding villages began to come to Zamorysh. However, there was an evil man who envied the glory of the doctor and decided to lime him. Once, on a holiday, he brought Zamorychok a cup of wine with poison. He drank, and when he felt that he was dying, he called people and bequeathed to bury a nail from his left hand under the poisoner’s window after death. Fulfilled his request. A medicinal plant with golden flowers grew in that place. In memory of the good doctor, people called this flower marigolds. The first Christians called the calendula "Mary's Gold" and decorated it with statues of the mother of the Savior. In ancient India, garlands were woven from calendula and decorated with statues of saints. Calendula is sometimes called the “bride of summer” because of the tendency of the flower to turn after the sun.

Snowdrop The Latin name for this flower “galactus” comes from the Greek words “gala” (milk) and “actus” (flower), that is, a milky white flower. Legend has it that when Adam and Eve were expelled from paradise, it was snowing heavily and Eve was cold. Then, in order to somehow calm her down and warm her, several snowflakes turned into flowers. Therefore, this flower symbolizes hope. What is it called?

Chionodox or “Glory of the Snows” According to popular legend, this flower arose from pieces of sky that fell to the ground. Its Latin name is Scylla, which means “sea onion”, because its color resembles the blue of the sea. Many peoples believe that this flower heals the sick. It is considered a flower of cheerful mood. Its stalk is thin and fragile, and the flower itself evokes tender and touching feelings. What is the name of this flower?

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Myths and Legends of the Ancient Slavs Our Fatherland Olenich Anastasia Grade 8 MOU Maslovskaya Sosh

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World Creation At first there was water everywhere; God also sent to deliver the land from the bottom of the sea bird. God tells her to throw out the earth: “Look, don’t hide anything”; she burst out, and flat land became everywhere. Only a little she hid in her mouth. And that land in her mouth began to grow. She prayed to God: "Lord, I have concealed the earth, I haven’t completely dumped it." “Well, there's nothing to do alright, pop the rest.” She burst out. And from that became mountains all over the earth.

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The tree of peace The axis of the world is a holy tree - ash, on which the supreme god Svarun dwells in his bright chambers. Its roots extend throughout the underworld of Chernobog. Its root is four-legged: one root goes south, the second eastward, the third extends northward, and the fourth westward. Small earrings in its branches are the sun, month and stars. So ash connects the underground, earth and sky. From under the tree of the world, there is a key of pure, living water, which heals and resurrects from the dead.

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How a man made fire. The first fire came to us with Perun. Yes, nobody was lucky with this fire, until one old chariot got the happy thought of cutting an ash blade, putting it on a spindle, pressing it tightly, and starting to rub it here and there with a bow. Looking, smoke came from the spindle, but it flared up so much as from a fire ..

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Legend of the sun Lay Mother Earth, Earth in darkness and cold. And the forever young, forever joyful bright Yar said: “Let us look through the pitch darkness at Mother Earth, Earth, is it good, will it come in handy?” And the flame of the gaze of the bright Yar permeated the immeasurable layers in an instant. Mother-Cheese-Earth woke up from a dream and spread in youthful glory. She drank greedily the golden rays of life-giving light, life and languishing bliss spilled over her bowels ... Celestial birds flew out of her bowels, forest and field animals ran out, fish swam in rivers and seas, small insects were pushed into the air. Then the earth gave birth to man. And when he came out of the bowels of the earth, Yarilo hit him on the head with a bright lightning, and from that lightning the mind in a man arose.

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Perun Perun is the Slavic god of thunder, the god of thunder and lightning. Perun was considered the patron saint of warriors. And the main feat of Perun was precisely that he returned the earth to fertility, returned the sun and rain. Perun was devoted to an animal - a wild tour. Perun had his own tree - oak, and his favorite flower - iris, which blooms when the first thunderstorms.

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Dazhdbog The ancient Slavs considered Dazhdbog the god of the Sun. Dazhdbog means "giver of all blessings." Dazhdbog drives across the sky in a beautiful chariot drawn by four white gold-maned horses with golden wings. And the sunlight comes from the fire shield. At night, he crosses the ocean on a boat pulled by swans. The Slavs believed that the sun god would help them.

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Svetovid Svetovid was considered the keeper and successor of the clan, the ancestor who gave light and life. Hence the Christmas time - games in honor of the god Svetovid. The four faces of Svetovid indicate that his power extends "to all four sides."

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Yarila Yarila is the god of the living nature. This Slavic mythological character is associated with the idea of \u200b\u200bfertility and spring power. Sometimes Yarila appeared before people in spring as a boy on a young stallion, in summer as an adult man on a strong horse, and in autumn - an old man on an old horse. People knew that winter would pass and Yarila would return.

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Belbog The very name of this deity is consonant with the word "good." He was considered the custodian and bearer of good, luck, justice, happiness. The ancient Slavs used the test of iron to establish the guilt or innocence of a person. The suspect was given a red-hot piece of iron in his hands and told him to walk about ten steps. And the one whose hand remained unharmed was recognized as right. Hence the concept of "branded with iron" since ancient times was equivalent to "branded with shame."

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Chernobog This terrible deity was considered the beginning of all misadventures. Such concepts as “black soul”, “rainy day” are connected with him, the ruler of the underworld. Chernobog was depicted dressed in armor, with a face full of rage, with a spear in his hand, ready to do all kinds of evils.

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Lada and her children Lada is the goddess of love, beauty and charm. Lel was the eldest son of Lada, the second son was Polel - the god of marriage. He blessed people for everyday life, a thorny family path. The third son of Lada is Did, the god of marriage. Like his brother Polelya, Deed is always young. The goddess Didilia, the guardian of the clan and children, is also from the Lada family.

ROSE According to Anacreon, the rose was born from the snow-white foam that covered the body of Aphrodite (Venus), when this goddess of love in all its wondrous beauty came out of the sea after bathing. Seeing this lovely flower on it, the enchanted gods sprayed it with nectar, which gave it a wonderful smell. However, the nectar that gave immortality, due to the envy of some gods, did not give it to the rose, and it remained as mortal as everything that is born on earth. The white rose of the priestess of Aphrodite, who appeared in all her virgin charm and purity, was demolished into the temple of this goddess and decorated with a rose the altar and the garden surrounding them. And the rose remained white until the heart of Aphrodite was struck by terrible news: her beloved Adonis lay wounded to death by a boar. Forgetting everything, in an indescribable mountain the goddess rushed into the grove of Python, where her beloved was. She fled, ignoring the roses that came along the path and the spikes covering the roses, which injured her legs to blood. A few drops of this divine blood fell on the roses and from white they turned into red.

ROSE According to another legend, a white rose turned red during one of the feasts of the gods on Olympus. Fluttering in a fun dance. Cupid somehow accidentally overturned with his pink-red wings a vessel with nectar, which, spilling on white roses blooming right there, painted them red and gave them a lovely smell. An even poetic legend about the creation of a red rose by the goddess Flora. Not loving and avoiding the Amur for a long time, Flora was still struck by his arrow and kindled with him passionate love. But the cunning god, having achieved what he wanted, then, in turn, began to avoid Flora, and then, in unsatisfied passion, she decided to create a flower that laughs and cries - it combines both sadness and joy. Seeing the wonderful flower growing in her hand, the goddess in admiration wanted to exclaim: "Eros" (as the Greeks of Amur was called), but, shy by nature, she stammered, blushed and, swallowing the first syllable, shouted only: "grew." The flowers that grew around picked up this word, and from then on this flower began to be called a rose.

ROSE Finally, according to another legend, a rose owes its origin to the hunting goddess Diana. In love with Cupid, this goddess was jealous of him to the wonderfully beautiful nymph Rosalia. And then one day, in wild anger, she grabbed the unfortunate one, dragged the blackthorn into the nearest bush and, wounding this thorny bush with terrible spikes, took her life. Learning about the bitter fate of his beloved, Amur hurried to the scene of the crime and, finding her lifeless, in uncomfortable grief burst into burning tears. His tears were dripping, dripping from his eyes to the blackthorn, like dew, and - oh, a miracle! - the bush irrigated by them began to be covered with marvelous flowers. These flowers were roses. The Koran says that the rose came from the sweat drops of the Prophet Mohammed. There is another story why the rose turned red - it flushed with pleasure when Eve, who was walking in the Garden of Eden, kissed her. Rose thorns are also not of simple origin. Once Cupid, breathing in the scent of a rose, was stung by a bee; angry, he shot an arrow into a flower, and the arrow turned into a thorn. According to other legends, the origin of the rose thorns is associated with Bacchus, who chased after a nymph and unexpectedly faced an insurmountable barrier of thorns. To stop the nymph, Bacchus turned thorns into roses. However, the frightened nymph continued to run, not paying attention to their beauty ... Then the angry Bacchus endowed the rose with thorns, so that the nymph wounded by thorns would weaken and become the prey of Bacchus. And according to one version, the rose sprouted with thorns when Bacchus wanted to possess a nymph. With her thorns, the rose wanted to say that beauty must defend itself.

Daffodil From ancient Greece, this story has come down to us. The river god Kefisa and the nymph Lirion was born the son of Narcissus and grew up beautiful, but cold and narcissistic. Upon learning that the arrogant young man repels all the girls in love with him and rejects even her own gifts, the goddess Aphrodite was angry: “Love you too, Narcissus! And do not reciprocate the person you love! ” Once bending over a stream to get drunk, Narcissus saw his reflection in the water and fell in love with him without a memory. Day and night he languished near the stream, admiring the beautiful appearance, and was not able to move away from the water. Gradually, Narcissus lost all strength and died. And on the spot where Narcissus's head bent to the ground, a white fragrant flower grew.

LILY It is said that the Theban queen, the beautiful Alkmena, the mother of Hercules, fearing the revenge of the jealous Juno to hide her birth from Jupiter Hercules, laid him under a dense bush; but Minerva, who knew the divine origin of the baby, purposely led Juno to this place and showed her a poor child abandoned by her mother. Juno liked the healthy, lovely little boy very much, and, as the protector and patroness of all the newborns, she agreed to let the thirsty little girl suck her milk. But the boy, sensing instinctively his enemy in her, bit her so hard that, crying out in pain, she rudely pushed him away. Milk sprinkled and, spilling across the sky, formed the Milky Way, and a few drops of it, falling to the ground, turned into lilies. For this reason, these flowers among the Greeks were also called the "Rose of Juno."

CARNES The legend says that once the goddess Diana, returning very annoyed with an unsuccessful hunt, met a beautiful shepherd who was playing fun on the flute on the edge of the forest. In anger, she accused the shepherd of her failure and the fact that because of him and his music, all the game fled, and the hunt fell. The poor young man made excuses, swore that he was not guilty of anything, and begged for mercy. But the goddess, not hearing anything and not remembering herself with rage, attacked the shepherd and pulled out his eyes. When she regained consciousness, remorse began to torment her, but she was no longer able to correct what she had done. Then, in order to at least slightly make amends and perpetuate the memory of the young man, Diana threw her eyes on the path. And at the same moment two cloves grew from them, reminiscent of an innocently shed blood.

Violet One of the legends tells us how: the sun god Apollo began to chase one of the beautiful daughters of Atlas with his burning rays, the poor girl turned to Zeus with a prayer to shelter and protect her. And then the great thunderer, heeding her prayers, turned her into a wonderful violet and covered her in the shadow of his bush, where since then she has bloomed and filled the heavenly forests with her fragrance every spring. But, once Proserpine, the daughter of Zeus and Ceres, went to the forest for flowers, was abducted by Pluto, who suddenly appeared just at the time when she was tearing violets. In a fright, she dropped flowers from her hands, and they fell from heaven to earth ... According to eastern legend, violets came from the tears of gratitude to Adam. When he was on the island of Ceylon and the archangel Gabriel brought him joyful news about the Lord's forgiveness of his sins to him.

Hyacinth The sun god Apollo did not love anyone so much as the handsome young man Hyacinth, son of the Spartan king Amikl. After leaving Delphi, he often appeared in the bright valley of the Evrot River and had fun there with games and hunting with his young favorite. Once at sultry noon, both of them took off their clothes and, anointing their bodies with olive oil, began to throw a disk. The god Apollo was the first to take the copper disk with a mighty hand and threw it so high that he disappeared from sight. But then the disk falls to the ground; the young man Hyacinth hurries to pick it up to show his art in throwing, but the disc bounces to the side and hits Hyacinth in the head. And the young man falls dead to the ground. In horror, Apollo hurries to him and picks up a fallen youth from the ground. He warms him, wipes his blood from his face, applies healing herbs to the wound, but he cannot help him. As a lily or violet, plucked in the garden, bends the leaves to the ground, so, dying, the young Hyacinth bows its head. In deep sorrow, Apollo stands in front of his beloved pet and is sad that he cannot die with him. And so, by the will of Apollo, in memory of the young man, a slender white flower with bloody red spots grows out of the ground, stained with blood. Every spring, a beautiful hyacinth flower blooms, and at the beginning of summer a festival is held in honor of Hyacinth and Apollo in Sparta. It begins with sad songs about the young man who died early and ends with a cheerful and cheerful chorus about his revival ...

PION The generic name is derived from the Greek word "paionios" - healing, healing. The name of this plant is given as if by the name of the doctor Pean, a student of the god of medical art himself - Asclepius. Once Pean received from Latona, the mother of Apollo and Artemidi, the healing roots with which he successfully healed the diseases of gods and people. He healed Aida - the god of the underworld - from a severe wound. It was not easy to get these roots, as their motley woodpecker guarded their eyes who had pecked out anyone who tried to dig them. Therefore, to get roots went only at night, when the woodpecker was asleep. The success of the student did not give rest to Asclepius, out of envy, he ordered to poison Pean. But grateful for his salvation, Hades did not let his healer die. He turned it into a plant, the roots of which Pean so successfully used. Since then, the plant bears a somewhat modified name for peony. According to the assumption, the peony is named after the locality of Pionia in Greece, where it used to grow in the wild. But the same ancient Greek legend claims that the flower got its name in honor of the young doctor Peon, who cured all kinds of diseases with a decoction and drops of flowers. He also healed the god of the underworld of Pluto from the wounds inflicted by Heracles. Learning about this, the teacher of Peon Aesculapius envied his student and decided to poison Peon. But Pluto turned the youth into a beautiful flower. This flower is not easy to get. Pliny the Elder claimed that he was carefully guarded by a motley woodpecker who was ready to peck out his eyes to anyone who tried to pluck the plant.

PEONY And here's another legend. The goddess Flora, going on a trip, decided during her absence to choose a deputy. To do this, I gathered advice, inviting representatives of all colors. Flowers arrived on time, only a rose was late. But when she appeared, those present were struck by her splendor and began to persuade her to remain Flora's lawful deputy. Only one peony objected, for he believed that he surpasses the rose with all its virtues. Peony puffed up, puffed up to outdo the rose, if not beauty and smell, then at least size. Everyone was struck by his unspeakable audacity, and the flowers chose a rose as Flora's deputy. Then the peony began to protest loudly and became so loud that Flora could not stand it: - A proud, stupid flower! - she said. “Remain complacency and emptiness always as thick and swollen as it is today.” And let no butterfly touch you. with a kiss, not a single bee will take honey from your whisk, not a single girl will pin you to her breast! The tale assured that Flora's curse was fulfilled: the peony remained thick and awkward, as if personifying emptiness and swagger, and not a single bee took a bribe from him. But life has refuted the myth. Bees take bribes from peonies, girls pin them on their chest.

GLADIOLUS There is a legend about how once a cruel Roman commander captured the Thracian soldiers and ordered them to be turned into gladiators. The commander ordered the most courageous, dexterous, beautiful and faithful friends Sevt and Teres to be the first to fight each other, promising the winner the freedom and hand of his daughter. A lot of people came to the battle. There was a signal to start the battle, but Sevt and Teres thrust their swords into the ground and rushed to each other with open arms. The audience roared indignantly, indignant at the ripped spectacle. The second time there was a signal for battle, but when the youths again did not satisfy the requests of the bloodthirsty Romans, they were brutally killed. But as soon as the bodies of young people touched the earth, gladioli blossomed from the hilt of their swords. Not for nothing until now, gladiolus is considered a symbol of friendship, loyalty and nobility.

Forget-me-not Once Flora went down to the ground and began to present flowers with names. She gave names to all the flowers, she didn’t seem to offend anyone and wanted to leave, but she suddenly heard a faint voice behind her: “Do not forget me, Flora!” Give me some name! Flora looked around - no one was visible. Again she wanted to leave, but the voice repeated: - Do not forget me, Flora! Please give me a name! and only Flora noticed a small blue flower in the herbs. “Good,” said the goddess, “be forget-me-not.” Together with the name I endow you with wonderful power - you will return the memory to those people who begin to forget their loved ones or their homeland.

Lily of water This story happened in ancient Italy. Once upon a time there was a beautiful Melinda. And the marsh king was watching her all the time. The king’s eyes flickered when he looked at the beautiful girl, and although he was scary as hell, nevertheless he became Melinda’s husband, and he was helped to get the beauty by the yellow little egg, personifying for a long time treason and treachery. Walking with friends by the swampy lake, Melinda admired the golden floating flowers, reached for one of them, stepped on the coastal stump, in which the lord of the bog hid, and he carried the girl to the bottom. At the place of her death, snow-white flowers with a yellow core surfaced. These colors were water lilies. They also say that when the first spring drops hit the surface of the water, pearls rise from this depth of the shell, open the wings and catch raindrops. As soon as they catch at least one, they sink back to the bottom, where they turn droplets into pearls. But not all shells return to depth. Many of them, seeing the sky, are so delighted that they stay afloat, let the stems and turn into flowers ..

VASILEK Such is the legend born in Russia. Once the sky reproached the grain field for ingratitude. Everything that inhabits the earth thanks me. Flowers send me their fragrances, forests - their mysterious whispers, birds - their singing, and only you do not express appreciation and remain silent, although no one else, namely I fill the roots of the cereals with rainwater and make the golden ears ripen. I thankfully answered the field. - I decorate arable land in spring with vibrant greenery, and in autumn I cover it with gold. In another way, I can not express my gratitude to you. I have no way to ascend to you; give it, and I will shower you with caresses and talk about love for you. Help me. The sky agreed well - if you cannot ascend to me, then I will come down to you. And he ordered the earth to grow among the ears of magnificent blue flowers, pieces of himself. Since then, ears of cereals, with every breath of the breeze, have been leaning towards the messengers of heaven - cornflowers, and they are whispered to them by gentle words of love.

IVAN - TEA He lived in the same Russian area as a guy Ivan. He liked to walk in a red shirt and spent most of his time at the edge of the meadow among flowers and shrubs. And the villagers, who saw a red color among the greenery, said: "Yes, this is Ivan, tea, he walks." And so they got used to it, not noticing the absence of Ivan in the village, they began to say: “Yes, this is Ivan, tea!” - on the scarlet flowers that suddenly appeared at the outskirts. So the name ivan-tea took root behind the new plant. And the plant presented another surprise. Residents gathered once for a holiday. We walked right up until the evening, it became cold, and the women decided to boil the water. Along with firewood, high stems of willow-tea went into the bonfire, the leaves from which fell into a boiling cauldron. They tried the decoction, and the decoction is pleasant, refreshing. Since then, the leaves of Ivan-tea have been used to make a tea drink, and this tea is called Koporye, after the name of the village of Koporye near St. Petersburg, where it happened. The word "tea" in the old Russian language meant - perhaps, most likely, most likely, etc.

MARGARET One little girl, looking at bedtime at the sky, strewn with stars, asked: "Stars, stars, please become flowers so that I can play with you." The stars, having heard the girl’s request, were reflected in drops of dew, and when the girl woke up, she saw that the whole lawn in front of the house was dotted with white silver daisies. The sun asked the daisy in the morning: - Are you satisfied and do not want anything else? - Thanks! - answered the daisy. - I am satisfied. Let me only bloom at any time of the year. I really love children and rejoice when they play with me. So let this joy never cease. In response, the Sun touched the daisy with one of its rays and left a yellow circle in the middle, causing the petals to move apart like rays from the Sunshine. "According to Russian legend, pearls from Lyubava's torn necklace turned into daisies when she rushed to Sadko, according to another legend, the beautiful girl was long pursued by an old man. Having lost hope of salvation, she asked for protection from the earth, and the earth turned her into a daisy, blooming almost all year round.

LANDISH According to ancient Russian legend, the sea princess Volkhova fell in love with the young man Sadko, and he gave his heart to the beloved of the fields and forests of Lubava. Saddened Volkhov went ashore and cried. And where the tears of the princess fell, lilies of the valley grew - a symbol of pure and tender love. In other ancient tales, lilies of the valley are sprouted beads from the crumbled Snow White necklace. In the following - the happy silver laugh of the mermaid Mavka, pearls rolling in the forest when she first felt the joy of love. They also say that sweat droplets that fell from the sultry body of hunter Diana turned into lily of the valley flowers. Some argue that lilies of the valley are nothing but Sunbeams, which dwarves use at night as lanterns. In the Christian tradition, the lily of the valley grew out of the hot tears of the Blessed Virgin Mary, mourning her crucified Son. Spring days pass, the lily of the valley fades, and a bright red berry appears in place of the snow-white flower. According to many legends, these are the tears of a lily of the valley, who is sad about the departure of the windy traveler of Spring, who caressed and left her small but faithful companion.

PUTS OF THE EYE According to Russian legend, in the three-colored petals of pansies, three periods of the life of the girl, Anyuta, with a good heart and gullible radiant eyes, were reflected. She lived in the village, she believed every word, she found justification for every action. But to her misfortune I met an insidious seducer who, with sworn assurances, woke her first love in a girl. With all her heart Anuta reached out to the young man, and the young man was frightened: he hastened on the road on urgent matters, promising to return to his chosen one without fail. Anyuta looked at the road for a long time, waiting for her beloved, and quietly faded from longing. And when she died, flowers appeared at the place of her burial, in the three-colored petals of which hope, surprise and sadness were reflected. According to another version, Anyuta was too curious and loved to spy on others. For which it turned into a flower. The ancient Greeks associated the origin of pansies with the daughter of the Argos king Io, who loved Zeus with all her heart, for which she was turned into a cow by his jealous wife, the goddess Hero. In order to somehow brighten the life of his beloved, Zeus grew pansy flowers that symbolized a love triangle and, on the one hand, equated a mere mortal with a goddess, and on the other, kept in her belief that the curse of Hera does not last forever. The Romans also had a version of "curiosity." People spied on bathing Venus turned into flowers. And the gods do not like this. And here is another legend about the origin of these flowers: a brother and sister, separated in infancy, are already young, and when they meet, fall in love with each other and marry according to the law, but after some time the young husband and wife, learning about their consanguineous, terrified of what happened, they decide to turn into an unusual two-color flower, which in Belarus is called the little brother.

MARYANNIK (IVAN DA MARIA) The Slavic legend says: “Once upon a time there lived a brother and sister of Marianniki. From an early age, their fate, a hometown made them wander apart. A lot of time has passed. Ivan met a beautiful girl, got married and got married. And only then did he find out that Marya was his sister. With grief Marya turned yellow, and Ivan turned blue. And so they turned into grass. ”

Ancient Greek legend tells the following story: One inquisitive young man studied all the earthly sciences and decided to know heaven. But for this he needed to forge golden keys, walk along the silver-star path to the center of the Galaxy and open its gates with golden keys. This is not at all easy to do, because the path to the gate was guarded by numerous stars. But the young man was persistent. He forged golden keys and went along the Milky Way. The stars began to speak to the young man so that he would forget why he was going and lost his way. But he stubbornly walked forward. Duel with the stars was difficult. And in the end, the young man could not stand it, flinched and lost his way, and when he woke up, it turned out that he was lying on the ground ... And the golden key, which he held in his hands, put down roots and turned into a primrose flower. According to another legend, the ancient Greeks called primrose the flower of the twelve gods. According to legend, the gods on Olympus once gathered in such numbers to decide the fate of the young man of Paralysos, who was struck by paralysis. It was decided to turn it into a flower, which began to be considered a remedy for all diseases, including paralysis. The Danish legend tells of the heavenly princess Elf who descended to the earth, where she fell in love with a handsome young man and did not return to heaven. As punishment, the gods turned the rebellious princess into a primrose, and the young man into a spring anemone. Ancient Scandinavians considered primrose the keys of Freya's spring. The legend says that Frey's necklace served as a rainbow, and where this necklace touched the ground, golden keys fell out of it, turning into primrose. PRIMROSE

DOLPHINIUM The ancient Greeks dedicated this flower to a young sculptor, turned by the gods into a dolphin, for sculpting his beloved, who had gone into the kingdom of shadows, and breathed life into it. The right to return from Hades is given only to the great gods. Even Asclepius, a famous ancient healer, was punished for this. Every evening, a dolphin swam to the shore and every evening a girl who was revived by him came up to the shore, but they could not meet. Once, when a girl looked longingly at the sea, a dolphin appeared from the waves. He swam to the shore and carefully laid a plant at her feet, the flowers of which looked like little dolphins, and he himself disappeared into the depths of the sea. The flower, coloring resembling sea waves, was given the name delphinium. In Russia, it is called the larkspur, or spur; in Ukraine, horned cornflowers; in England, funny spurs; in France, the lark-leg. As the names show, most peoples are inclined to call the delphinium fern because the upper petal of its sepals really looks like a spur. Its types and varieties are amazing in color: blue, blue, azure, violet, lilac, white and lilac, they, combined with black, gray and cream petals, give the plants an irresistible charm and charm. The sun-loving flower cannot stand the shade. However, on hot days he prefers coolness, being afraid to get burned by sultry summer rays.

GEORGIN A legend lives among the people, according to which this beautiful flower owes its name to the young gardener George. In ancient times, dahlia was a royal flower and could grow only in the palace garden. And he would have remained a royal captive, if not for the gardener George ... Despite the severe ban, the gardener gave this flower to his bride, and then planted the same flower near her house. Upon learning of this, the king ordered the gardener to be thrown into prison, where he died. But the royal flower has already broken free and has become a favorite among the people. In honor of the young gardener George, who gave his life for his freedom, the flower was called a dahlia. Now they are known in almost all countries of the world. Pure white, then variegatedly colored, bright red and purple are in greatest demand. Another legend says that dahlias are named after the Russian navigator George, who gave an unknown flower to the overseas king. As a rule, dahlias are presented as a sign of respect and friendship, as well as in especially solemn occasions.

CAMOMILE A long time ago, a girl lived in the world. Her name has long been forgotten. She was beautiful, modest and gentle. And she had a loved one - Roman. They loved each other very much, their feelings were so sublime and warm that they thought they were not mere mortals. Every day, lovers spent together. Roman loved giving his girlfriend small and beautiful gifts like the girl herself, which he made for her. Once he brought his beloved flower - nowhere else had this happened before. The girl admired this flower for a very long time. He was modest - white elongated petals settled around the middle of the sun, but such love and tenderness came from the flower that the girl really liked him. She thanked Roman and asked where he got such a miracle? He said that he dreamed of this flower and when he woke up he saw this flower on his pillow. The girl proposed to call this flower a Daisy - after the affectionate name of Roman, and the young man agreed. The girl said: “And why only we will have such a flower? Let’s you collect a whole bunch of these flowers in that unknown country, and we will give these flowers to all beloved! ” Roman understood that it was impossible to get flowers from sleep, but could not refuse beloved. He hit the road. For a long time he was looking for these flowers. Found at the end of the world the Kingdom of Dreams. The king of dreams offered him an exchange - Roman remains forever in his kingdom, and the king gives his girlfriend a field of flowers. And the young man agreed, for the sake of his beloved, he was ready for anything! The girl was waiting for Roman for a long time. Waited a year, two, but he still did not come. She cried, was sad, lamented that she wished a pipe dream ... But somehow she woke up, looked out the window and saw an endless chamomile field. Then the Girl understood that her Camomiles were alive, but he was far away, not to see him anymore! The girl gave people Chamomile flowers. People loved these flowers for their simple beauty and tenderness, and lovers began to guess at them. And now we often see how one chamomile is torn off a chamomile and sentenced: “He loves - doesn't love?”

FLOX Translated from the Greek flocco means "flame." They were fiery torches, according to legend, in the hands of sailors and Odysseus, descending into the underworld of Hades. They were secretly followed by the god of love Eros, who constantly guarded Odysseus's love for Penelope. When the satellites got out of the dungeon and threw torches on the ground, they sprouted and turned into phlox flowers in memory of the bold Odyssey. Eros did not part with the torch, but, weary of a difficult journey, dozed off unexpectedly. While he was sleeping, the nymph stole the torch and, in order to leave unnoticed, decided to extinguish it at a nearby source. But when she lowered the torch into the water, the source lit up, boiled, and its water became healing. Now the weak people go swimming in the healing waters and return the body to young strength. Phloxes do not cease to delight us with a variety of colors. They conquer the pretty flowers not only with an unusual combination of white-pink-green, but also with a bewitching aroma. Due to lush and long flowering, it is widely used for decoration of stony gardens, for revitalizing mini flower beds. And how compact phloxes are good in pots, flowerpots, when decorating balcony drawers, forming real flowering carpets.

SUNFLOW The Greek myth tells how Klitia, daughter of the king of Babylon, was abandoned in love by the sun god Apollo, as he turned his attention to her sister Levkotoy. Klitia’s jealousy caused her sister’s death. She herself, rejected by God, slowly died and turned into a flower, which always turns its face towards the sun. Marigolds, which also have this ability, were also the colors of the Greek myth. The usual sunflower Helianthus annuus is present on Van Dyck's Self-Portrait with a Sunflower as a symbol of the artist's unwavering devotion to his patron King Charles 1. Sun worship is the symbolism that Anthony Van Dyck used () when he painted himself with a sunflower to achieve the location of the English king Charles 1, whom called the "sun." A sunflower plant transferred to Europe from North America is sometimes confused with a heliotrope, which became the basis of the Greek myth of a flower in love with the sun. In Chinese symbolism, it means longevity and has magical powers. Sunflower is a symbol of gratitude. It owes its beauty to the sun, therefore, expressing its gratitude, it always reveals itself when it appears, continuously turning in the direction of the sun's rays.

ASTRA A beautiful legend tells of an aster, which is translated from Greek as “star”. She grew out of a speck of dust that fell from a star. And if you lurk in the flower garden at night, you can hear how the flowers talk with their sister stars. Astra with its sharp petals-rays is like a star. Astra is a symbol of sadness. This flower was considered a gift to a man from the gods, his amulet, amulet, a particle of his distant star. Therefore, the sadness symbolized by him is sadness over the lost paradise, the inability to rise to heaven.

Lilac Lilac got its name from the Greek syrinx - tube. One of the ancient Greek legends tells how Pan, the god of forests and fields, fell in love with the beautiful nymph Siringa. But God was ugly: bearded, horned, goat-footed, and Siringa, fleeing from his pursuits, turned into a beautiful fragrant plant - lilacs. Those who have ever heard melodic overflows of a flute made of lilacs will never forget its bewitching sounds. There is a story about the origin of lilacs. The goddess of spring woke up the Sun and its faithful companion, Iris (rainbow), mixed the rays of the sun with the colorful rays of the rainbow, began to generously pour them on fresh furrows, on meadows, tree branches - and everywhere flowers appeared, and the earth rejoiced from this grace. So they reached Scandinavia, but the rainbow was left with only purple paint. Soon there was so much lilac that the sun decided to mix the colors on the Rainbow palette and began to sow white rays - so the white lilac joined.

MAK When the Lord created the earth, animals, and plants, everyone was happy except Night. No matter how she tried, with the help of stars and luminous bugs, to dispel her deep darkness, she hid too many beauties of nature, than repelled everyone from herself. Then the Lord created the Dream, dreams and dreams, and together with the Night they became welcome guests. Over time, passions aroused in people, one of the people even decided to kill his brother. The dream wanted to stop him, but the sins of this man prevented him from approaching. Then, in a rage, the Dream stuck his magic wand into the ground, and Night breathed life into him. The rod took root, turned green and, retaining its sleep-inducing power, turned into a poppy. There are several legends associated with the emergence of poppies. The ancient Greeks believed that this flower was created by the god of sleep Hypnos for Demeter, when she was so tired in search of her missing daughter Persephone, who was stolen by Hades, the lord of the underworld of the dead, that she could no longer ensure the growth of bread. Then Hypnos gave her a poppy so that she would fall asleep and rest. They sometimes portrayed Persephone with a poppy - they represented it wrapped in garlands of poppy flowers - as a symbol of peace resting on the ground at this time. According to ancient Roman legend, he grew out of the tears of Venus that she shed upon learning of the death of the beautiful young man Adonis.

CHRISANTEM In the modern language of flowers, chrysanthemum is the emblem of sadness, a symbol of autumn. White and yellow hats of chrysanthemums fill the soul with peace and tranquility, immersing it in a happy world of dreams ... There is a sad tradition about their origin. The poor woman's son died. She adorned her grave, dear to her, with wildflowers gathered along the road, until the cold came. Then she remembered the bouquet of artificial flowers that her mother bequeathed as a guarantee of happiness. She laid this bouquet on the grave, irrigated it with tears, prayed, and when she raised her head, she saw a miracle: the whole grave was covered with living chrysanthemums. Their bitter smell seemed to say that they are dedicated to sadness.

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Myth and mythology. Myth is a peculiar form of attitude of an ancient person, the desire for knowledge of the world. The myth as an aesthetic phenomenon. The main categories of myths. The emergence of myths. Myth (from the Greek mythos ("mythos") - tradition, legend) - the oldest form of presentation of a person's worldview. Mythology 1) The totality of myths (stories, stories about gods, heroes, demons, spirits, etc.), reflecting the fantastic ideas of people in a pre-class and early class society about the world, nature and human being. 2) The science that studies myths (their origin, content, distribution).

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In the process of transferring from generation to generation of knowledge, information about ordinary and unusual phenomena, a special form of consolidating the memory of mankind is formed - myth. Myths An ancient man in the form of myths and traditions tried to answer such global questions as the emergence of the most important phenomena of nature, animals and man. A significant part of mythology was cosmogonic myths dedicated to the origin and structure of the universe as a whole. Myths pay much attention to the various stages of people's lives, the secrets of birth and death, the knowledge of posthumous being or non-existence, and the various trials that a person undergoes during his life's journey. Myths about the achievements of people occupy a special place: making fire, inventing crafts, developing agriculture, taming wild animals, etc.

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Etiological myths (lit. “causal”, that is, explanatory) are myths that explain the appearance of various natural and cultural features and social objects. Cosmogonic myths tell about the origin of the cosmos as a whole and its parts connected in a single system. Part of cosmogonic myths are anthropogonic myths - about the origin of man, the first people, or tribal ancestors (a tribe in myths is often identified with "real people", with humanity). Calendar myths are closely connected with the cycle of calendar rites, usually with agrarian magic, oriented on a regular change of seasons, especially on the revival of vegetation in spring (solar motifs are also interwoven here), on ensuring the harvest.

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Heroic myths capture the most important moments of the life cycle, are built around the hero’s biography and may include his miraculous birth, trials by older relatives or hostile demons, the search for a wife and marriage trials, the fight against monsters and other deeds, the hero’s death. Eschatological myths about the “last” things, about the end of the world arise relatively late and are based on models of calendar myths, myths about changing eras, cosmogonic myths. In contrast to cosmogonic myths, eschatological ones tell not about the origin of the world and its elements, but about their destruction - the death of land in a global flood, the randomization of space, etc.

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Mythological heroes and characters. Heroes (from the Greek ἥρωας, “valiant husband, leader”) are children of the deity or descendants of the deity and mortal man. Usually mythological heroes were endowed with great physical strength and cruelty. The main difference between heroes and gods is that heroes are mortal. Most heroes are warriors who destroy ancient monsters and fight among themselves. With the development of ancient culture, heroes, in addition to traditional military virtues, began to be endowed with special wisdom, a musical gift, or cunning. There are divine heroes (Tiresias, Amfiarai, Kalhant, Trophonius, Pug (diviner), Branch, Idmon), master heroes (Daedalus, Zeta and Amphion), music heroes (Orpheus, Lin), legislators (Theseus). A peculiar niche was occupied by Odysseus, a sly hero. The hero is called to fulfill the will of the Olympians on earth among people, ordering life and introducing justice, measure, laws into it, contrary to ancient spontaneity and disharmony. Usually the hero is endowed with exorbitant power and superhuman capabilities, but he is deprived of immortality, which remains the privilege of the deity. Hence the discrepancy and contradiction between the limited capabilities of a mortal being and the desire of heroes to affirm themselves in immortality.

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olympus Olympus (O l u m p o z) is a mountain in Thessaly, on which the gods live. The name Olympus is of pre-Greek origin (it is possible to associate with the Indo-European root ulu / uelu, "rotate", that is, indicate the roundness of the peaks) and belongs to a number of mountains in Greece and Asia Minor. On Olympus are the palaces of Zeus and other gods, built and decorated by Hephaestus. The gates of Olympus are opened and closed by the ory (daughters of Zeus and Themis) when they ride out in golden chariots. Olympus is thought of as the symbol of the supreme power of the new generation of Olympian gods who defeated the Titans.

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Zeus Zeus, Diy (Z e u z) · supreme deity, father of gods and people, head of the Olympic family of gods. Zeus is a primordially Greek deity; his name is of pure Indo-European origin and means "bright sky". In antiquity, the etymology of the word "Zeus" was associated with the roots of the Greek words "life", "boiling", "irrigation", "that through which everything exists." Zeus is the son of Kronos (hence the names Zeus Kronid, Kronion) and Rhea, he belongs to the third generation of gods who overthrew the second generation - the Titans.

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Zeus's father, fearing to be deposed by his children, swallowed every time the child just born Rhea. Rhea tricked her husband by letting him swallow a wrapped stone instead of the born Zeus, and the baby, secretly from his father, was sent to Crete on Mount Dikta. According to another option, Rhea gave birth to Zeus in a cave of Mount Dikta and entrusted his education to the Kourets and Coribants, who nurtured him with the milk of goat Amalfei. It was on Crete that the most ancient fetishistic symbols of veneration of Zeus of Crete were preserved: a double ax (labris), a magical weapon that kills and gives life, a destructive and creative force.

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Apollo Apollo, in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and the Titanides Leto, twin brother of the virgin hunting goddess Artemis. He occupied one of the main places in the Greek and Roman traditions and was considered a god-arrow, soothsayer, luminiferous patron of the arts.

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Dionysus Dionysus (Roman Bacchus, Bacchus) in Greek mythology is the ever-young god of the fruiting forces of the earth, vegetation, viticulture and winemaking, known as the “god with bull horns”, because he loved to take the form of this powerful animal, the son of Zeus and the Theban princess Semela. Zeus, who appeared before the princess in a flash of lightning, inadvertently incinerated his mortal lover, but managed to snatch the premature Dionysos from the flame and sewn him into his thigh. In due time, God gave birth to a child and gave up to nymphs. Having matured, Dionysus, wandering around a candle, met Ariadne, who had been abandoned by Theseus, and married a drink. Dionysus was famous as a god who frees people from worries and removes the bonds of measured life, so the procession of Dionysos was ecstatic; satire, bacchante and maenadas took part in it.

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Neptune Neptune is one of the most ancient gods of the Roman pantheon. He was identified with the god of Greek mythology Poseidon. In ancient Rome, a holiday was celebrated on July 23 in honor of the god Neptune, hoping in this way to save the crop from drought. Almost nothing is known about the origin of this god, but there is no doubt that Neptune has always been associated with water. The deity of God consisted of such deities as Salazia and Vanilla. Salation among the Romans was identified with the Greek goddesses Thetis and Amphitrite. Basically, Neptune was revered by people who were somehow connected with the sea: sailors, merchants, fishermen. The patronage of horses was also attributed to this god. In honor of equestrian Neptune, festivities and equestrian competitions were held.

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Jupiter Jupiter, in Roman mythology the almighty god of heaven, king of the gods. Jupiter was revered as the supreme deity, the lord of thunder and lightning. One of his nicknames - Lucetius ("luminiferous") - indicates that he was also considered the god of light. The image of Jupiter combines the features of many ancient Italian deities. He was attributed the patronage of agriculture, the protection of borders; God monitored the observance of oaths and granted the commanders victory in battle. The Roman commanders, returning in triumph from the campaigns, brought thanks to Jupiter and made laurel wreaths in his temple.

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Aurora Aurora in ancient Greek mythology, the goddess of the morning dawn. The word "aurora" comes from the Latin aura, which means "predawn breeze." The ancient Greeks called Aurora the ruddy dawn, the pink-footed goddess Eos. Aurora was the daughter of the titans of Hipperion and Thei (in another version: the sun - Helios and the moon - Selena). From Astrea and Aurora all the stars that burned in the dark night sky, and all the winds: stormy northern Boreas, eastern Evreux, humid southern Notes and the western gentle wind Zephyr, bearing heavy rains, arose.

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Athena Athena, in Greek mythology, the goddess of wisdom, just war and crafts, daughter of Zeus and the Titanides of Metis. Zeus, having learned that his son from Metis will rob him of his power, swallowed his pregnant wife, and then he himself brought to life a completely adult Athena, who came out of his head with the help of Hephaestus in full combat clothing. Athena was, as it were, part of Zeus, the performer of his plans and will. She is the thought of Zeus, implemented in action. Its attributes are a snake and an owl, as well as aegis, a goatskin shield, decorated with the head of a serpent-haired Medusa, possessing magical power, frightening gods and people. According to one version, a statue of Athena, a palladium, allegedly fell from heaven; hence her name is Athena Pallas.

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Themis Themis, in ancient Greek mythology, the goddess of justice. The Greeks called the goddess by different names, for example Temida, Temis. Themis was the daughter of the sky god Uranus and Gaia, the second wife of Zeus and the mother of numerous offspring. Her daughters were the goddess of fate - the moira. In one of the legends, Themis acts as the mother of the titan Prometheus, who dedicated her son to the secret of the fate of Zeus. The Thunderer was to die from one of his children born of Thetis. The myth of Prometheus tells that the hero revealed this secret only after millennia of torment, which Zeus condemned him to. In Olympia, the inhabitants of Ancient Greece placed altars to Zeus, Gaeus, and Themis side by side, which shows how much they honored this goddess of law and order.

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Hades Hades, Hades, Pluto ("invisible", "terrible"), in Greek mythology, the god of the kingdom of the dead, as well as the kingdom itself. The son of Kronos and Rhea, brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter and Hestia. When dividing the world after the overthrow of his father, Zeus took the sky to himself, Poseidon - the sea, and Hades - the underworld; the brothers agreed to rule the land together. The second name of Hades was Polydegmon ("the recipient of many gifts"), which is associated with the countless shadows of the dead who live in his possessions. The messenger of the gods Hermes forwarded the souls of the dead to the ferryman Charon, who transported only those who could pay for the crossing across the underground river Styx. The entrance to the underworld of the dead was guarded by the three-headed dog Kerber (Cerberus), who did not allow anyone to return to the world of the living.

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Hercules Hercules - in Greek mythology - the Greek national hero, the son of Zeus and the mortal woman Alkmena. In the service of Eurystheus, Hercules performed twelve feats: -1- strangled the hands of the Nemean lion; -2- killed the Lernean hydra -3- caught alive the Erimanf boar; -4- caught Kerinoe doe; -5- exterminated the Stiffalia birds; -6- got the belt of the queen of the Amazons of Hippolyta; -7- cleared the stables of Avgius; -8- overpowered the Cretan fire-breathing bull; -9- defeated King Diomedes; -10- kidnapped the cows of Gerion and the three-headed giant; -11- got the golden apples of the Hesperides; -12- defeated the guard of Hades of the infernal dog Kerber. Hercules was portrayed: - a child strangling a snake; - young men resting after a feat or making a feat; - a mighty bearded man armed with a club and dressed in the skin of the Nemean lion that he killed

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Achilles Achilles, Achilles (A c i l l e u z) · one of the greatest heroes of the Trojan War, the son of the king of the Myrmidon Peleus and the sea goddess Thetis. In an effort to make her son invulnerable and thus give him immortality, Thetis tempered him in the fire at night, and rubbed him with ambrosia during the day. One night, Peleus, seeing his young son on fire, pulled him out of his mother's arms (Apollod III 13, 6). According to another version (Stat. Ach. III I 269 trace), Thetis bathed Achilles in the waters of the underground river Styx so as to make him invulnerable, and only the heel for which she held him remained vulnerable (hence the expression “Achilles heel”) . Insulted by the intervention of Peleus, Thetis left her husband, and he gave Achilles to the education of the wise centaur Chiron, who fed him with the insides of lions, bears and wild boars, taught him how to play sweet-sound cifar and singing

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Odyssey Odyssey (O d u s s e u z), Ullis (Ulixes) · king of the island of Ithaca, son of Laertes and Anticlea (Homer "Iliad", IX 308). The genealogy of the Odyssey is closely related to the general character of the hero - smart and cunning. In some versions of the myth, Odysseus is the son of Sisyphus (Soph. Philoct. 417, 1311; Eur Iphig. A. 524), who seduced Anticlea even before her marriage to Laertes (Schol. Soph. Ai. 190). Moreover, the father of Antiklei Autolycus - "the great oath-breaker and thief" (Hom. Od. XIX 396 next) was the son of Hermes and helped him with all the tricks (396-398); hence the hereditary, coming from Hermes, mind, practicality, dexterity of the Odyssey.

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Medea Medea, in ancient Greek mythology, is a sorceress, the daughter of the Colchian king Eet and the ocean of Idia, granddaughter of Helios.

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Europe Europe, in Greek mythology, is the daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor, who became the subject of passion of the thunder Zeus. Flying over the city of Sidon, Zeus saw girls taking round dances in the meadow and weaving wreaths of bright flowers. The most beautiful was Europe - the daughter of a local king. Zeus came down to earth and appeared in the guise of a wonderful white bull, sitting at the feet of Europe. Europe, laughing, sat on his broad back. At that moment, the bull threw himself into the sea and carried it to the island of Crete, where Europe gave birth to Zeus three sons - Minos, Radamanf and Sarpedon, and then married the local king Asteria ("star"), who adopted her sons from God. Zeus graciously bestowed on the opponent the mighty copper pelican Talos, who was supposed to guard Crete, bypassing the island three times a day. And placed in heaven a divine bull - the constellation Taurus, as a reminder to Europe of his great love for her.

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Narcissus Narcissus, in Greek mythology, is an unusually beautiful son of the Boeotian river god Kefissa and the nymph Liriope. When the parents asked the soothsayer Tiresius about the future of the child, the sage replied that Narcissus would live to old age if she never saw her face. Narcissus grew up as a young man of rare beauty, and many women sought his love, but he was indifferent to everyone. Among the rejected by him was the nymph Echo, which dried up from grief so that only a voice remained from her. Offended by the inattention of Narcissus, the women demanded the gods punish him, and the goddess of justice Nemesis heeded their prayers. Once, returning from the hunt, Narcissus looked into an unclouded spring and, seeing his reflection in the water, fell in love with him. The young man could not tear himself away from contemplating his face and died of self-love. According to legend, at the site of the death of Narcissus, a field of amazing plants and herbs appeared, in the center of which a healing flower, marked by strict beauty, which was named after the young man, grew.

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Ancient myth: the origin of the world and the gods: "The Birth of Zeus", "Olympus". “In the beginning was the word ... Everything through it began to be ...” Gospel of John (Chapter 1) Initially, there was only eternal, limitless, dark Chaos. It was the source of life. Everything arose from boundless Chaos - the whole world and the immortal gods. It was, as it were, the raw material from which everything that had ever existed emerged. Obeying an unknown force that made him rotate and create, Chaos gave birth to the most ancient that was in our conceived Universe - Time. The Greeks called him Chronos. And now everything happened in time, because space was still in its infancy. Chronos gave birth to three elements - Fire, Air and Water. But this is after the Earth appeared. Following Chronos appeared at the same time as twin brothers, Eros and Anteros. (Subsequently, such a double birth is very common and considered among the Greeks almost sacred) Eros - Love, and Anteros - Denial of Love.

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Chaos, however, gave rise to something similar to itself - Erebus, as an embodiment of the Darkness. Behind him - Niktu - a dark starless Night. And also the Incomprehensible Abyss - Tartarus. Tartarus was itself a void, a black hole. Throughout history, the gods have used its depths as punishment for the defeated. No one could break out of the Abyss on their own. Tartarus was the most terrible place in the universe. But from the Darkness and Night the Eternal Light - Ether and Shining Day - Hemera was born. "The Black Night and the sullen Erebus were born from Chaos. The night Ether also gave birth to a radiant Day, il Gemer: They conceived them in the womb, combining with Erebus in love." Hesiod: “The Origin of the Gods” Erebus and Nikta still had children: the gloomy Charon - a carrier across the River Styx in the kingdom of the dead and three daughters - the twins of Tisiphon, Alekto and Meger - the goddess of vengeance Erinia. The remnants of primitive Chaos were already spinning at great speed and turned into an Egg. This egg was the germ of the Earth. But now it split into two parts. The upper half of the shell became Starry Sky - Uranus, the lower - Meter Earth - Gay. And the liquid that spilled over the body of the Earth - the Endless Sea - Pontus. He became Gaia's first husband. The second was Uranus-Sky. From their marriage came all the Olympic gods.

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Homer Homer is an ancient Greek poet. To date, there is no convincing evidence of the reality of the historical figure of Homer. According to ancient tradition, it was customary to represent Homer as a blind wandering singer-aed, seven cities argued for the honor of being called his homeland. Probably he was from Smyrna (Asia Minor), or from the island of Chios. It can be assumed that Homer lived around the 8th century BC. Homer is credited with authorship of two of the greatest works of ancient Greek literature - the poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey." In ancient times, Homer was recognized as the author of other works: the poem "Batrachomachia" and the collection of "Homer hymns." Modern science assigns to Homer only the Iliad and the Odyssey, and there is an opinion that these poems were created by different poets and at different historical times. Back in ancient times, the "Homer question" arose, which is now understood as a combination of problems associated with the origin and development of the ancient Greek epic, including the relationship between folklore and literary creativity in it.

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The biographical information about Homer, given by the ancient authors, is contradictory and unlikely. “Seven cities, bickering are called the homeland of Homer: Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Pylos, Argos, Ithaca, Athens,” says one Greek epigram (in fact, the list of these cities was more extensive). Regarding the life time of Homer, ancient scholars cited various dates from the 12th century BC (after the Trojan War) to the 7th century BC; There was a widespread legend of a poetic contest between Homer and Hesiod. According to most researchers, Homeric poems were created in Asia Minor, in Ionia in the 8th century BC on the basis of mythological legends about the Trojan War. There is late antique evidence of the final revision of their texts under the Athenian tyrant Pisistratus in the middle of the 6th century BC, when their performance was included in the festivities of the Great Panathenas.

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“Iliad” and “Odyssey” The works of Homer, the poems “Iliad” and “Odyssey”, are the first monuments of ancient Greek literature known to us and at the same time the first monuments of literature in Europe. Containing a huge number of various kinds of legends and being very significant in size (in the Iliad 15693 poetic lines, in the Odyssey there are 12110), these poems could not appear suddenly, in the form of the work of only one brilliant writer. Even if they are composed by one poet, they are composed on the basis of centuries-old folk art, in which modern science establishes a reflection of the most diverse periods of the historical development of the Greeks. These works were recorded for the first time only in the second half of the VI century. BC e. Consequently, folk materials for these poems were created even earlier, at least two or three centuries before this first recording, and, as modern science shows, Homeric poems reflect even more ancient periods of Greek or, perhaps, even pre-Greek history. The plot of the Homeric poems are different episodes of the Trojan War. Troy and the region where this city was the capital, Troas were located in the northwestern corner of Asia Minor and were inhabited by a Phrygian tribe. The Greeks who inhabited the Balkan Peninsula waged wars in Asia Minor for many centuries. One such war, namely with Troy, was especially imprinted in the memory of the ancient Greeks, and many different literary works, and, in particular, several special poems, were devoted to it. They talked about the Trojan War, about the reasons that caused it, about the capture of Troy and about the return of the Greek victors to their homeland. To understand the content of the Iliad and the Odyssey, it is necessary to know all the legends about the Trojan War in general, since both poems depict only certain moments of this war.

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Greek myths say that the Earth, weighed down by an overgrown population, asked Zeus (the supreme deity of the ancient Greeks) to spare her and reduce the number of people living on it. For the request of the Earth, by the will of Zeus, the Trojan War begins. The closest reason for the war was that Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, kidnapped Elena, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus. In order to avenge this abduction and return Helen back, brother Menelaus and the king of Argolida, the next to Sparta, Agamemnon advises Menelaus to gather all the Greek kings with their squads and start the war with Troy. Among the attracted Greek kings, the fast-legged Achilles, the king of Phthias, and Odysseus, the king of the island of Ithaki (to the west of the Balkan Peninsula), are striking in their power. All Greek tribes send their troops and their leaders to Aulis, from where the pan-Greek army moves through the Aegean Sea and lands near Troy, which is several kilometers from the coast. The supreme leader of the entire Greek army is Agamemnon. The war has been waged with varying success for 10 years. And only after 10 years, the Greeks manage to get into the city itself, burn it, kill the men, and take the women captive. In the Iliad and Odyssey, only hints of the war as a whole are scattered. But there is no special narrative in the poems about the causes of the war, nor about its first 9 years, nor about the capture of Troy. Both poems are devoted to each special plot, namely, “Iliad” - one episode from the tenth year of the war, and “Odyssey” - tales of the return of Odyssey after the war to his homeland.

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"Odyssey". The main content of the Odyssey is the tale of the return of the Odyssey to Ithaca after the end of the war with Troy.