Characteristics of the working conditions of the employee for the IUE on the sample of filling out the form. Brief description of the profession What it contains and how to fill it in

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Introduction

1.3 Process description

4. Fire safety

5. Environmental protection

5.1 Plant emissions

5.2 Characterization of waste water

5.3 Suggestions for environmental protection

6. Socio-economic rationale

6.1 Determination of the economic efficiency of measures to improve working conditions

6.2 Economic analysis of losses from work injuries and occupational diseases

Conclusion

Bibliography

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Course work on the topic "Safety of technological processes and equipment at the carpenter's workplace at the enterprise" TD Igrinsky Lespromkhoz "LLC was carried out by a student of group 10-17-6z Agafonova D.A. and is presented in the form of a settlement and explanatory note on 58 pages and has 18 sources literature.

Course work contains the following sections:

1. Description of the production facility;

2. Ensuring the safety of the technological process;

3. Assessment and improvement of working conditions at the carpenter's workplace;

4. Fire safety;

5. Environmental protection of the enterprise;

6. Socio-economic substantiation of the proposed measures to improve working conditions at the carpenter's workplace.

The first part of the course work describes the production facility of OOO TD Igrinsky Lespromkhoz, ensuring the safety of the technological process. And also the work process of the carpenter, the conditions of his work, the data of the assessment of his workplace. In the second part of the work, the fire safety of the enterprise and the characteristics of its emissions into the environment are given. In the final part of the course work, measures and recommendations for the prevention of industrial injuries and occupational diseases at the carpenter's workplace are described, as well as the socio-economic rationale for the proposed measures to improve working conditions at the carpenter's workplace.

Introduction

The topic of the course work is "Safety of technological processes and production in the workplace of a carpenter at the enterprise OOO PF Igrinsky Lespromkhoz." The most harmful factors at the workplace of a carpenter are the increased noise level and insufficient lighting of the workplace.

When I analyzed the working conditions at the carpenter's workplace, when the normative noise level of the working area was detected, measures were proposed to reduce noise by introducing a noise-protective structure of resonators of the same type. This design can be used in a wide variety of industries as the most effective and available passive noise abatement design available today. For most industrial processes, where noise is a harmful production factor, the construction of this structure is one of the few methods that provide optimal noise reduction with minimal construction costs and further operating costs.

Thanks to this method of noise suppression, the propagation of high-frequency noise in the working area is not allowed. Intense noise that occurs when cleaning metal with waterjet equipment contributes to a decrease in attention and an increase in the number of errors during work, noise has an extremely strong effect on the speed of reaction, information collection and analytical processes, due to noise, labor productivity decreases and the quality of work deteriorates. Noise makes it difficult for workers to respond in a timely manner to warning signals of intra-shop transport (forklift trucks, overhead cranes, etc.), which contributes to the occurrence of industrial accidents. Exposure to noise can lead to a combination of occupational hearing loss (auditory nerve neuritis) with functional disorders of the central nervous, autonomic, cardiovascular and other systems, which can be considered an occupational disease - noise sickness. Hence, the expediency of capital investments in the equipment of the production premises of this resonator design is obvious.

When a violation of the illumination of the workplace was detected, additional artificial lighting was proposed using fluorescent lamps. A decrease in illumination standards can lead to visual impairment, injuries at work and the quality of manufactured products.

The aim of the course work is: To improve the working conditions at the workplace of a carpenter at the enterprise OOO "PF" Igrinsky Lespromkhoz.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved in the work:

1. Brief analysis of the technological process of wood processing.

2. Analysis of the actual working conditions at the carpenter's workplace, identification of harmful and dangerous factors that determine the working conditions and analysis of their impact on the health of the carpenter.

3. Development of measures to improve the working conditions of the carpenter.

1. Characteristics of the production facility

1.1 General characteristics of production

The logging and woodworking industry began to develop in the Igrinsky District during the Great Patriotic War, when the Game became one of the key points in the construction of the Izhevsk-Balezino railway. Igrinsky logging unit, from which the timber industry began, was formed in 1942 - 70 years ago. The logging unit, and since 1943 the timber industry enterprise, worked to provide for the military factories of Udmurtia: firewood was prepared for the operation of workshops and mechanisms, and a weapon blank was produced from birch. In the post-war years, the Igrinsky timber industry enterprise established the production of construction logs, boards, plywood, joinery - these products were used in almost all corners of the country. In the 70-80s, the organization became the largest enterprise of the timber industry complex of the republic. The timber industry has built many social facilities in the village of Game. The economic turmoil of the 90s had a negative impact on the enterprise, it was in a severe crisis for some time, but it retained great potential and reached a new level of development. Today LLC "PF" Igrinsky Lespromkhoz "is an enterprise with modern technologies, which has a complete production cycle from the development of cutting areas to complete wood processing.

Igrinsky Lespromkhoz is an enterprise with advanced technologies, which has a complete production cycle from the development of cutting areas to complete wood processing. Logging is carried out in Igrinsky, Krasnogorsky and Balezinsky districts. Lespromkhoz produces a wide range of products, the main ones are plywood, lumber, lining, log cabins, products from rounded logs. Plywood production has been modernized and today is one of the most highly efficient in the region. Extensive production areas located at the intersection of railways and highways, with its own railway dead end, provide the company's customers with convenient ways of transporting products. The enterprise has a technological transport division, has its own energy facilities and a security service. Trading house "Igrinsky Lespromkhoz" introduces modern forms of doing business, which are used in marketing and planning, and in working with partners.

As part of their activities, it is envisaged to carry out measures for the protection, protection and reproduction of forests, the acquisition of modern equipment for the implementation of a complex of forestry operations. They set themselves the task of introducing advanced technologies for the reproduction of forests, the production of biofuels in rural areas using waste, firewood and illiquid wood during logging and sanitary and recreational activities.

1.2 Characteristics of manufactured products

Today, OOO PF Igrinsky Lespromkhoz can produce an extensive list of finished products.

Products of Igrinsky timber industry enterprise:

· Joinery, platbands, door frame timber, plinth, wall paneling, floor board;

· Rounded logs;

· Edged board;

· Rounded log;

Lining of coniferous and deciduous species - linden, aspen

· Plywood.

Arbolit

Plywood from the Igrinsky timber industry enterprise is known throughout Russia and has a very wide application: from furniture production to shipbuilding. Plywood of various grades is produced, including defect-free facing, which can easily compete with wood veneer.

Another interesting product is wood concrete, which is very convenient due to its lightness, an environmentally friendly building material. Houses, baths and outbuildings are built from it. It has dimensions of 600x300x150 and 600x300x200mm, it is easy to fit and sawn, does not lend itself to decay and the effects of microorganisms, perfectly insulates sound and heat. Wood concrete houses are built faster than other stone materials (brick or foam block)

1.3 Description of the technological process at the woodworking enterprise

During his work, the carpenter participates in the production process, which is divided into a number of operations performed in one workplace.

The carpenter performs technological operations directly at the workplace - a machine, a workbench, a striker, a table, a device.

So when manufacturing windows, doors, molded parts, wooden parts of houses, it includes the following processes: sawing raw materials; drying of lumber; cutting sawn timber into blanks; machining of workpieces; assembly of parts into units (assembly of doors, sashes, shields); processing of nodes (doors and windows around the perimeter); assembling units into products (fitting windows and doors into boxes, hanging on hinges); finishing of products.

In the manufacture of wooden doors and windows, the carpenter carries out several stages in the work:

1. The first step in a carpenter's job is to saw the raw material.

Sawing of raw materials (logs) is carried out on machines. The machines must be fixed to the foundation.

The cross cut machines are equipped with roller tables. The length of the table is determined by the longest length of the board to be cut (the left part, counting from the saw blade) and the longest length of the workpiece obtained (the right part).

Crosscut saws TsPA-40 are serviced by one carpenter - a machine operator and one or two workers of lower qualifications. Carpenter - The machine operator is cutting wood. The first laborer feeds the lumber from the stack onto the roller table and helps the carpenter to position it in front of the saw. A second auxiliary worker removes the cut and trim pieces from the table and places them in stacks and a container. If there is no second auxiliary worker, his work is performed by the carpenter himself - the machine operator.

To ensure the correct position of the board and obtain blanks of a given length, stops are used. They are installed in the working area on the roller table ruler (roller table).

The mutual arrangement of machines, equipment, stacks of workpieces and parts should be optimal. Distances for carrying workpieces and parts should be minimal so that as little time and effort as possible is spent on the operation of feeding the workpieces and placing the parts.

Workplaces when working on machines must be organized so that the material in relation to the carpenter - the machine operator, as a rule, flows from right to left and that the most favorable conditions for natural lighting of the workplace are provided.

2. The second stage is the drying of the sawn timber.

When moving heavy objects from the ground or floor, after machining, to the timber drying shop to facilitate the transport of timber, in the absence of cranes, use devices, tongs for carrying heavy beams and boards, shown in Figure 1.

Picture 1.

Drying of wood is carried out in a PAP-32 drying chamber. The temperature in the drying chamber is reached up to 85-120 0 С. The operation time is 48-72 hours. The finished lumber must be kept in the workshop at a temperature of 16-30 0C for 3-5 hours.

3. The third stage is cutting sawn timber into blanks and processing logs.

Sawing timber into blanks is carried out on machines. The carpenter, when feeding the material to the machine, feeds it when the saw blade, the cutter shaft, reaches the working speed. The saw blade, the cutter shaft should rotate from top to bottom, pressing the material to be cut to the machine table. The material should be fed smoothly, without jolts. The feed of the processed material should be completed with a pusher block. When performing work on the machine, do not hold your hand over the knife shaft, stand in front of the saw.

When cutting by hand with an ax, the carpenter must stand firmly so that the workpiece to be cut is between his legs. The leg on the side of the surface to be cut should be set back and as far as possible from the workpiece. The material to be processed should be placed on pads that prevent it from turning. After work, the ax should be placed in the tool box. The carpenter also uses a saw to cut the log.

Manual processing of wood is carried out on a workbench, which consists of a cover and a base. The cover of the workbench is made with a thickness of 60-70 mm from oak, ash, beech or birch wood with a moisture content of up to 12%. The workbench has a length of 1700-2000 mm, a width of 500-600 mm and a height of 700-800 mm. Front and rear vices are designed to fix various processed items - boards, bars, frames. The front vise has a clamping screw and a backing board. Rear vise clamping box with a screw moves along the workbench. The clamping screws are made of metal. Stops are inserted into the slots of the lid and the clamping box, between which the objects to be processed are placed horizontally. The objects are fixed by rotating the screw of the rear vise.

The next step is the processing of wood with a chisel. When working, the hand holding the material to be cut with the chisel should be behind the chisel, and the direction of the cut should be from that hand.

4. The fourth stage is the machining of the blanks.

For further processing of wood, it must be moved from the stand to the workbench if this has not been done. During the work, the carpenter needs to use machines with an electric drive. All electrical equipment must be checked prior to operation and maintained in proper order during operation. Workpiece processing is carried out using grinding machines and shields using grinding skins.

5. The fifth stage is the assembly of parts into units (assembly of doors, sashes, shields). It is carried out using repeated machine processing.

6. The sixth stage is the processing of nodes (doors and windows around the perimeter), the so-called antiseptic treatment. Transportation and storage of antiseptic materials should be carried out in a tightly closed container, which should be neutralized or disposed of after use. Containers for the preparation of antiseptic compounds must be closed with lids. For further gluing of parts, the preparation of wood glue, paints, varnishes and antiseptic compounds is carried out in a room equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation. Carpenters engaged in antiseptic materials should use a hose gas mask or respirator for respiratory protection, safety glasses for eye protection, and protective paste to protect the skin of hands and face.

In the premises where antiseptic treatment is performed, it is not allowed to perform other work, as well as smoking and eating.

When preparing and loading antiseptic compounds, it is necessary to take measures against their spraying and splashing.

Transportation and storage of antiseptic materials should be carried out in a tightly closed container, which, after use, should be treated with special agents or burned. Baths for the preparation of antiseptic compositions should be closed with lids.

7. The seventh stage in the work of a carpenter is the assembly of knots into products (fitting windows and doors into boxes, hanging them on hinges). The assembly of the part takes place in conjunction with a second worker, in order to avoid injuries at the workplace. When assembling and installing, it is very important to ensure the front of the work in advance. At the end of the shift, the workplace should be cleaned, tools and devices checked, free of dust and dirt and put in storage.

Unfinished items should also be stacked in order in the designated storage locations. It is necessary to prepare for the upcoming working day and outline measures to consolidate it and eliminate the identified abnormalities in the organization of the workplace.

8. The eighth stage is finishing the finished product.

2. Ensuring the safety of the technological process

The equipment in the wood processing workshops is arranged so that the aisles and driveways, the paths for the movement of workers and goods are accessible. The machines are installed on solid foundations and are well anchored to resist stress and vibration.

Due to the fact that woodworking machines operate at high cutting and feed speeds, they are equipped with reliably operating fences. Metal, plastic, wood are used as the material of the fence. The guards are strong enough and securely attached to the machine parts and foundations. Also, the machines are equipped with receivers for suction of dust, shavings and mechanisms for feeding sawn timber.

On machines with manual feed, removable automatic feeders are used, which exclude cases of injury.

The starting equipment is mounted on machine tools so that it is convenient for the carpenter - machine operator to use it. The guards with the starting device are interlocked in such a way that when the guard is raised, the start of the machine is excluded.

At the belt conveyors, under the working branch of the belt, fences are arranged for the entire width of the belt, and at the roller conveyors and conveyors, shields are installed between the rollers.

Within the limits of objects under construction - on ceilings, scaffolding and scaffolding, only assembly, installation and fitting are allowed; work on the manufacture of missing parts (felling, teska, etc.) in the indicated places is not allowed.

The serviceability of mechanized tools given to workers has been checked in advance by a special person at the direction of the mechanic.

It is prohibited to carry out work with power tools from ladders.

Woodworking machines installed within the construction site for ancillary work are firmly anchored and equipped with safety fences.

Safety in work on a face machine is ensured by:

1. Machine control is carried out from a separate push-button panel located in a place convenient for service.

2. Massive die-cast aluminum alloy, alloy cast iron bed, post and support elements provide high vibration resistance, guarantee a long service life and maximum reliability.

3. Electrodynamic engine braking, saw guard with blocking, saw thrust blocking without clamping the workpiece, the presence of adjustable stops for the extreme positions of the support and much more provide excellent consumer and functional capabilities, as well as allow work to be carried out safely.

Safety protective equipment is intended for automatic shutdown of units and machines in case of deviation of any parameter, characterizing the mode of operation of the equipment, beyond the permissible values. Thus, in case of emergency conditions (pressure, temperature, operating speeds, current strength, torque increase), the possibility of explosions, breakdowns, ignitions is excluded.

By design, limiting devices are divided into couplings, pins, valves, keys, diaphragms, springs, bellows and washers. On woodworking machines, limiting devices are provided, which are elements of mechanisms designed to destroy (or fail) when technological equipment is overloaded or when processing modes are violated. The weak links of such devices include: shear pins and keys connecting the shaft to the flywheel; friction clutches that do not transmit movements at high torques.

Interlocking devices prevent a person from entering the hazardous area or during his stay in this area eliminate the hazardous factor. Great importance is attached to these types of protective equipment at the workplaces of units and machines that do not have fences, as well as where work can be carried out with the fence removed or open.

Woodworking machines are equipped with a mechanical safety guard locking system. It is a system that provides communication between the protective shield and the braking (starting) device.

At the woodworking site of "Igrinsky Timber Industry" there are several types of signaling: warning and informational. The warning alarm is designed to warn of danger, it is ahead of the inclusion of equipment or the application of high voltage. Warning signals include signs on the machine itself and near the workplace, as well as posters like: "Do not open - high voltage". Signal color is a type of warning signaling. Traumatic equipment elements are highlighted with alternating yellow and black stripes. On machines, the reverse sides of doors, niches for electrical equipment, as well as the surface of the chip flow are painted red. Informative signaling is used in the form of diagrams, indicators, inscriptions.

Safety signs can be prohibitive, prescriptive and indicative and differ from each other in shape and color. In production equipment and in workshops, warning signs are used, which are a yellow triangle with a black stripe around the perimeter, inside which there is a symbol (black). For example, in case of an electrical hazard, it is lightning, in case of a risk of injury from a moving load, it is a load, and in case of other hazards, an exclamation mark.

2.1 Planning solution of the shop

This room is located in a one-story building. The building is constructed from precast concrete structures and bricks. In this building, along with the workshop of the woodworking enterprise, there is an assembly workshop. The woodworking workshop is separated from the assembly workshop by a fire wall.

The dimensions of the workshop of a woodworking enterprise in terms of:

· Length l 1 = 60 m;

· Width 1 2 = 24 m;

· Height H = 6 m.

There are 10 identical window openings in the outer walls of the woodworking enterprise. The distance from the floor to the bottom edge of each window opening Y n = 1.2 m. The distance from the floor to the upper edge of the opening Y e = 2.4 m. The width of each window opening is = 1.2 m. The total width of the window openings = 24 m The glazing of window openings is made of ordinary glass. The glazing collapses when the average volumetric temperature of the gas environment in the room is equal to 300 ° C.

The fire wall has a doorway 2.4 m wide and high. This opening is protected by fire doors. In the event of a fire, this opening is closed.

The workshop of a woodworking enterprise has one doorway that connects the workshop to the outside environment. Its width is 2.4 m. The distance from the floor to the upper edge of the doorway is Y in = 3 m. The distance from the floor to the lower edge of the doorway is Y n = 0 m. In case of fire, this doorway is open, i.e. opening temperature 20 ° С. The floors are concrete, with asphalt pavement.

The shop has supply and exhaust ventilation with an automatic smoke extraction system, the time for switching on the smoke-proof mechanical ventilation is 3 minutes from the beginning of combustion.

Ventilation in the workshop of a woodworking enterprise, carried out through door and window openings. Heating is central water.

And also there is an automatic fire extinguishing system with the following characteristics:

· Extinguishing agent - nitrogen;

· Stock of extinguishing agent - 30 kg;

· Feed rate of extinguishing agent Gow = 30 kg / min;

The initial temperature of the extinguishing agent

· Specific heat capacity of OM C p = 1052 J / (kgK);

· Time of switching on the fire extinguishing system - 5 minutes from the beginning of combustion.

Figure 2 shows a diagram of the organization of workplaces at the machines at the woodworking enterprise OOO TD Igrinsky Lespromkhoz.

Rice. 2 Scheme of organization of workplaces at machine tools:

a-CPA-40: 1-rollers; 2-roller table (roller table); 3-stop ruler; 4-machine TsPA-40; 5-stops; 6-stacks of blanks; 7-container for waste; 8-stacks. A carpenter's workplace is a part of the production area with the means and objects of labor located on it, on which the worker performs work.

Carpenters' workplaces for manual or machine-tool processing of wood are equipped with workbenches or machines. Such workplaces have three zones:

1) the working area, which contains the workbench (machine), the workpiece and the tool used for this;

2) material storage area, in which materials, rough blanks and processed parts, fixtures and inventory are located;

3) the transport zone, through which the necessary items and means of labor are supplied to the workplace.

A feature of the organization of work places for carpenters in construction is their constant movement, depending on the conditions and needs of production. The mutual arrangement of machines, equipment, stacks of workpieces and parts should be optimal. Distances for carrying workpieces and parts should be minimal so that as little time and effort as possible is spent on the operation of feeding the workpieces and placing the parts.

2.2 Design safety of major equipment

The safety of the design of the main equipment in the woodworking workshop, such as machine tools and workbenches, is their correct installation. All machines must be fixed to the foundation.

The machines are fixed with supports for greater stability when working on them.

2.3 Automation of production processes

To achieve higher performance in the production of wooden structures, it is necessary to provide for comprehensive automation and mechanization of the technological process. At this enterprise, the introduction of automatic material feeding to the woodworking machine is taking place, which leads to a decrease in industrial injuries.

2.4 Ensuring electrical safety

Live parts of equipment that are sources of danger are reliably isolated, or fenced, or located in places inaccessible to personnel. Electrical equipment with open live parts is located inside cases (cabinets, blocks) with lockable doors or closed with protective covers. Metal parts of the equipment, which, due to damage to the insulation, are under electrical voltage of a dangerous magnitude, are grounded (neutralized). It is allowed to use other adequate protection measures instead of grounding (grounding). In the electrical circuit diagram of the production equipment, a device is provided that disconnects it from the mains. When the equipment is powered from its own autonomous power source, it is allowed to remove the voltage by turning off the power source without breaking the electrical circuit. Manufacturing equipment must be designed to prevent the build-up of hazardous amounts of static electricity. Equipment with circuits with electrical capacities must be equipped with devices for removing residual electrical charges. Production equipment, depending on the harmfulness of the production process, has built-in devices for removing harmful, explosive and fire hazardous substances released during operation, or a place for installing such devices if they are not part of the equipment design.

Protective grounding is an integral part of working on electrical equipment. Protective grounding is a deliberate electrical connection to the ground or its equivalent of metal non-conductive parts that may be energized due to a short circuit to the case and for other reasons (inductive influence of neighboring conductive parts, potential removal, lightning discharge, induction of static electricity, etc.).

Earthing switches can be natural or artificial. Artificial grounding conductors are made in the form of electrodes. By location in the ground and by the shape of the electrodes, ground electrodes are divided into deepened, consisting of strips or round steel laid deep on the bottom of the excavation horizontally along the perimeter of the foundations, vertical, consisting of electrodes, the upper end of which is deepened 0.5-0.7 m from surface of the earth; as they are used steel vertical laid rods with a diameter of 10-16 mm (or pieces of steel pipes, of various diameters), 3-5 m long, as well as angle steel 2.5-3 m long; horizontal (extended), consisting of electrodes used to connect vertical ground electrodes to each other, connected by welding. As such grounding, round steel with a diameter of at least 10 mm or steel strips with a thickness of at least 4 mm and a cross section of 48 mm are used.

Lightning protection of a production workshop is a complex of protective devices designed for the safety of people, the safety of buildings and structures, equipment and materials from possible explosions, fires, destruction arising from the impact of lightning.

To receive an electric lightning discharge (lightning current), lightning rod devices are used, consisting of a bearing part (for example, a support), an air terminal (metal rod, cable or down conductor mesh) and a ground electrode. Each lightning rod, depending on its design and height, has a certain protection zone, inside which objects are not subject to direct lightning strikes. According to RD 34.21 L22-87, all buildings and structures must be protected in one of three categories. The category of lightning protection depends on the fire and explosive properties of premises and buildings, which is determined in accordance with NPB 105-95, as well as on the severity of the dangerous consequences of lightning strikes (environmental damage, human losses, material losses, etc.).

Carpenters working with hand-held electric machines must have group I for electrical safety and group II when working with hand-held electric machines of class 1 in rooms with increased danger.

When working with a power tool, the following safety rules must be observed:

· The power tool, before being handed over to the worker, must be checked by the device for the serviceability of the grounding wire and the absence of a short circuit to the case;

· Before work, the power tool is checked at idle for 1 ... 2 minutes;

· Handles of power tools must be insulated;

· Install the wood-cutting tool in the chuck, and adjust, clean and repair the tool only after it has completely stopped and turned off;

· It is forbidden to work with power tools from ladders and ladders;

· After stopping work, the power tool must be de-energized;

· It is prohibited to leave a power tool with a running engine unattended;

· In rooms of especially dangerous and with an increased danger of electric shock, it is allowed to work with a tool at a voltage not higher than 42 V;

In rooms and in open places, in the absence of conditions of increased danger (rain, snow), it is allowed to use an electric tool with a voltage of 127 or 220 V, but subject to the use of rubber gloves, rubber mats and galoshes;

· The casings of power tools operating at voltages over 42 V must be grounded.

3. Assessment and improvement of working conditions

The assessment of improvements in working conditions is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of December 28, 2013 N 426-FZ (as amended on June 23, 2014) "On the special assessment of working conditions".

3.1 Characteristics of the main harmful and hazardous production factors

Dangerous and harmful production factors when performing carpentry work are:

· Unshielded cutting edges of tools;

· Flying out shavings, sawdust, fragments of the processed material;

· Increased (decreased) ambient temperature;

· falling from height;

· Falling objects from a height;

· Increased noise level;

· Voltage in the electrical network;

· Dust and gaseous emissions of substances used in production in the air of the working area.

The harmful (hazardous) factors present at the carpenter's workplace are:

· Noise (equivalent level at the construction site and maximum level when working with hand-held electrified tools);

· Local vibration (when working with a hand-held electrified tool);

· Microclimate;

· Illumination.

Physical factors.

Physical factors in a carpenter's workplace include:

· Vibration general and local;

· Microclimate parameters (air temperature, relative air humidity, air velocity, infrared radiation);

· Parameters of the light environment (artificial lighting (illumination) of the working surface).

According to the protocol for measuring and assessing noise (tab. 1), we determine that the equivalent sound level at the carpenter's workplace is the class of working conditions 3.2.

Table 1 Noise Measurement and Evaluation Protocol

Strong noise adversely affects the health and performance of people. A person, working in the presence of noise, gets used to it, but the prolonged effect of strong noise causes general fatigue, can lead to hearing impairment, and sometimes to deafness, the digestion process is disturbed, and changes in the volume of internal organs occur.

The mechanism of action of noise on the body is complex and insufficiently studied. When it comes to the effect of noise, usually the main attention is paid to the state of the organ of hearing, since the auditory analyzer primarily perceives sound vibrations and its damage is adequate to the effect of noise on the body. Some researchers explain the changes that occur in the organ of hearing by the traumatic effect of noise on the peripheral part of the auditory analyzer - the inner ear. This is usually the explanation for the primary localization of the lesion in the cells of the inner spiral groove and the spiral (Corti's) organ. It is believed that the overstrain of the inhibitory process plays a significant role in the mechanism of the effect of noise on the organ of hearing, which, in the absence of sufficient rest, leads to depletion of the sound-perceiving apparatus and the degeneration of the cells that make up it. In the pathogenesis of occupational damage to the organ of hearing, the role of the central nervous system cannot be excluded. Pathological changes that develop in the nervous apparatus of the cochlea under prolonged exposure to intense noise are largely due to overwork of the cortical auditory centers.

Occupational hearing loss is usually bilateral. The initial manifestations of occupational hearing loss are most often found in people with about 5 years of work experience in noise conditions.

Under the influence of noise exceeding 85-90 dBA, the auditory sensitivity at high frequencies first of all decreases.

Acting on the cerebral cortex, noise has an irritating effect, accelerates the process of fatigue, weakens attention and slows down mental reactions. For these reasons, high noise in production conditions can contribute to the occurrence of injuries, since against the background of this noise, signals from vehicles, forklifts and other machines are not heard.

Insufficient illumination of the workplace can lead to injuries and poor-quality product manufacturing. On the human body, insufficient illumination affects the organs of vision. Insufficient illumination affects the functioning of the visual apparatus, that is, it determines visual performance, the human psyche, his emotional state, causes fatigue of the central nervous system, which arises as a result of efforts made to recognize clear or dubious signals.

It was found that light, in addition to providing visual perception, affects the nervous optic-vegetative system, the system of formation of immune defense, growth and development of the body and affects many basic life processes, regulating metabolism and resistance to adverse environmental factors. Comparative assessment of natural and artificial lighting according to its effect on performance shows the advantage of natural light.

It is important to note that not only the level of illumination, but all aspects of the quality of the illumination play a role in the prevention of accidents.

Uneven lighting can create adaptation problems, reducing visibility. When working in poor quality lighting or low levels, people can experience eye strain and fatigue, which can lead to decreased performance. In some cases, this can lead to headaches. The reasons in many cases are too low light levels, glare from light sources and brightness ratios. Headaches can also be caused by pulsating lighting. Thus, it becomes clear that inappropriate lighting poses a significant threat to the health of workers.

Lighting of workplaces is of great importance to optimize working conditions. The tasks of organizing the illumination of workplaces are as follows: ensuring the distinguishability of the objects under consideration, reducing the tension and fatigue of the organs of vision. Industrial lighting should be uniform and stable, have the correct direction of the luminous flux, exclude glare and the formation of harsh shadows.

Optimal and permissible parameters of the microclimate of the working area are determined in accordance with SanPiH 2.2.4.548 96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises".

Measurements of microclimate parameters at the woodworking site were carried out in accordance with GOST 12. 1. 005 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area". SanPiN 2.2.4.548 - 96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises".

In the warm period of the year, the air temperature in the workshop reaches 16-27 0 C, with an air humidity of 15-60%, the air speed is 0.1 m / s, which belongs to the second class of hazard. In the cold season, the air temperature is 15-22 0 С, the humidity is 15-75%, the air velocity is 0.1 m / s, which also belongs to the second class of hazard.

Chemical factors.

To chemical factors in the workplace of a carpenter is his participation in the process of wood processing - antiseptic treatment. Antiseptic treatment is carried out with varnishes and paints. All chemicals are manufactured in accordance with GOST 9980.2-89, which in the external environment do not have a harmful effect on the body.

Biological factors.

Biological factors include the effects of wood dust on the body. In the work of a carpenter, dust is the main factor affecting his body. Dust is generated by woodworking, crushing or abrasion, turning, sawing, etc.

Sources of emission of wood dust are circular saws, miter saws, planing, thicknessing, drilling, milling, planing, tenoning, grinding, etc. The effect of dust on the human body. Dust has a number of negative properties. It reduces the transparency of the air, reduces solar radiation, inhibits plant growth, promotes fogging, and worsens general sanitary conditions. Dust can cause damage to equipment, buildings.

When breathing, they are easily retained in the upper respiratory tract and are removed when sneezing and coughing. Particles with a microscopic size (0.25-10 microns) are more stable in air. When breathing, such dust penetrates into the alveoli, especially particles less than 5 microns in size. Ultramicroscopic dust (particles less than 0.25 microns in size) is in the air for a considerable time, obeying the laws of Brownian motion. The role of dust grains of this fraction in the development of damage to the body is small.

The effect of dust on the skin is reduced mainly to mechanical irritation. As a result of such irritation, there is a slight itching, an unpleasant sensation, and when scratching, redness and some swelling of the skin may appear, which indicates an inflammatory process.

Dust particles can penetrate the pores of the sweat and sebaceous glands, clogging them and thus impairing their function. This leads to dryness of the skin, sometimes cracks and rashes appear. Trapped along with the dust, microbes in the clogged ducts of the sebaceous glands can develop, causing pustular skin diseases - pyoderma. The clogging of sweat glands with dust in a hot shop helps to reduce sweating and thus complicates thermoregulation.

When dust gets on the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, its irritating effect, both mechanical and chemical, is most pronounced. Mucous membranes, in comparison with the skin, are thinner and more delicate, they are irritated by all types of dust, not only chemicals or with sharp edges, but also amorphous, fibrous, etc.

Dust that gets into the eyes causes an inflammatory process of their mucous membranes - conjunctivitis, which is expressed in redness, lacrimation, sometimes swelling and suppuration

Dust is one of the leading causes of occupational lung disease, the most common of which is pneumoconiosis. This name refers to chronic diseases of the lungs as a result of exposure to dust, accompanied by the development of fibrosis of the lung tissue. The dust content in the air does not exceed the norm, therefore it belongs to the 2nd class.

Psychophysiological factors.

When working, the carpenter must concentrate on the work. Do your job carefully to avoid injury in the workplace.

3.2 Characteristics of the severity of the work process

The severity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with the present "Hygienic Criteria for Evaluating Working Conditions by Indicators of Hazard and Hazard of Working Environment Factors, the Severity and Intensity of the Labor Process". The levels of labor severity factors are expressed in ergometric values characterizing the labor process, regardless of the individual characteristics of the person involved in this process.

The main indicators of the severity of the labor process are:

1. Physical dynamic load (external mechanical work), kg / m;

2. Mass of the lifted and moved cargo manually, kg;

3. Stereotyped work movements, the number per shift;

4. Static load (the value of the static load per shift when holding the load, applying forces), kgf? Sec;

5. Working posture;

6. Inclinations of the body, the number per shift;

7. Displacement in space due to the technological process, km.

The severity of the work process of the carpenter (male):

During the working day, he works with a chisel (1.00 times: applying a force of 0.70 kg. * S. For 48.00 min. With one hand), with a hammer (applying a force of 0.40 kg. * S. For 48 minutes with one hand; making 30.00 stereotypical movements per minute with a predominant regional load during 48.00 min.), With a file (applying an effort of 0.30 kg * s. For 48 minutes with one hand; making 35 stereotyped movements per minute with a predominant one for 48 minutes), a plane (1.00 times: applying an effort 1.70 kg * sec. For 48.00 minutes with two hands; making 14.00 stereotyped movements per minute with a predominant regional load for 48.00 minutes), with a hand power tool (1.00 times: applying an effort of 1 , 50 kg. * Sec. For 240.00 min. With two hands). Additionally, it moves at a distance of 1.50 km. horizontally. For all indicators, the severity of the labor process can be attributed to class 3.2

3.3 Characteristics of the tension of the labor process

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with the present "Hygienic Criteria for Evaluating Working Conditions by Indicators of Hazard and Hazard of Working Environment Factors, the Severity and Intensity of the Labor Process".

The analysis is based on taking into account the entire complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the preconditions for the occurrence of unfavorable neuro-emotional states (overvoltage). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped by types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, and regime loads.

A carpenter participates in the production process, making decisions on a series of instructions in the process of work, based on the perception of simple signals according to a set schedule with possible correction in the course of activity. Checks the correctness of the execution of its own assignment and is responsible for the functional quality of the auxiliary work of the enterprise. Actual duration of the working day: 8h. In terms of the intensity of the labor process, it can be attributed to class 3.1. The predominant factor is the load on the auditory analyzer when the production needs to perceive speech or differentiated signals.

3.4 Final assessment of working conditions in terms of hazard and hazard

A carpenter's workplace certification card for working conditions is presented in table 2.

Table 2 Card of certification of the workplace of a metal cleaner according to working conditions

The name of the factors of the working environment and the labor process	Working conditions class
Acoustic
	Infrasound
	Airborne ultrasound
	Ultrasound pin
General vibration
Local vibration
Non-ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation
Microclimate
Lighting
The severity of labor (labor process)
Labor intensity (labor process)
Aerosic composition of air
General assessment of working conditions

For injury safety: 3 (dangerous)

According to the provision of PPE: corresponds to

Table 3 shows the actual state of working conditions by factors of the working environment and labor process

Table 3 The actual state of working conditions by factors of the working environment and the labor process of woodworking.

Factor name, units rev.	permissible	Actual factor level	Duration of exposure	Working conditions class

Equivalent sound level, dBA
Microclimate (cold period)
Air temperature, degrees С
Air speed, m / s
Air humidity, %
Lighting

Illumination of the working surface, lx
Ripple factor,%
The severity of labor
Labor tension

Obviously, the final assessment of the working conditions of the metal cleaner corresponds to class 3.2. The most significant factor that can lead to occupational injury is the effect of noise. Also, the load on the auditory analyzer with the production need for the perception of speech or differentiated signals gives a harmful tension class of the first degree 3.1.

3.5 Injuries and occupational diseases

When processing wood, the air is polluted by wood dust. The greatest hazard to the worker is the dust present in the work area. Exposure to wood dust can lead to various types of respiratory, skin and eye diseases. Prolonged exposure to air containing wood dust can lead to the development of pneumoconiosis and dust bronchitis.

Measurements of the concentration of dust in the air should be made periodically. It is also necessary to monitor the availability of personal protective equipment, such as a respirator, for each worker.

The degree of danger of exposure to wood dust on the human body depends on its physical and chemical properties, the size and shape of dust particles. With a decrease in the size of dust particles, their penetrating ability into the respiratory system increases. At the same time, their mechanical irritant effect decreases and chemical activity becomes the main one. To reduce the concentration of dust in the air removed from the workshop, the installation of a cleaning device is used, as well as the presence of an aspiration system in woodworking workshops.

The most common cause of injury is a screen lock failure. In order to exclude possible injuries to the machine operator when working on machines, it is necessary to use a metal casing that covers the saw blade and automatically rises when the material is fed, a riving knife and a toothed sector or a disk that prevents the return of material from escaping, as well as signaling the deliberate non-bringing of the protective shield to the working position.

One of the negative environmental factors at industrial enterprises is noise, which should include any sounds that interfere with normal work and rest, regardless of their origin. Noise is a disorderly combination of sounds of various frequencies and intensities that occurs during mechanical vibrations in solid, liquid and gaseous media. Noise has a negative effect on the human body, and primarily on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. Muffs are required to reduce the harmful effects of noise.

To reduce injuries in the workplace, each carpenter is provided with personal protective equipment. These include:

· Cotton suit - for a period of wearing 12 months;

· Mittens with handhelds - for a period of wearing 2 months;

· Leather boots - for a period of wearing 12 months;

· Goggles - until worn out.

For outdoor work in winter, everyone additionally:

· Cotton jacket on a warming pad - for a period of socks on the belts;

· Cotton trousers on a warming pad - for a period of time socks on the belts.

The employer is obliged to replace or repair overalls, safety footwear and other personal protective equipment that have become unusable before the expiration of the established wearing period for reasons beyond the control of the employee.

To protect against mechanical stress, carpenters are obliged to use those provided by employers free of charge: cotton suits, gloves with vinyl handhelds made of intermittent T leather and leather boots.

At work on impregnating wood with antiseptics: tarpaulin suits instead of cotton suits, rubber gloves, tarpaulin shoulder pads.

In addition, in the winter season, suits with a warming pad and felt boots.

Carpenters must wear safety helmets when on site.

3.6 Measures to improve working conditions

1.Fight against noise. 4.Fight against industrial noise

One of the negative environmental factors in industrial enterprises is noise, which should include any sounds that interfere with normal work and rest, regardless of their origin. Sound absorbing structures reduce the energy of sound waves in the room and partly the energy of the direct sound wave if they are located close to the source of the noise. Sound absorbing claddings are usually placed on the ceiling and tops of the walls.

A carpenter

§ 329. Carpenter of the 2nd category

Description of works... Carpentry and formwork. Execution of works when installing roll roofs dry with stitching with nails and roofs made of piece materials. Handling timber: cross-sawing, debarking, trimming. Lubrication of rolls and formwork. Brushing wooden structures and parts with antiseptic and fire retardants. Resin, upholstery with felt and tar paper elements of wooden structures. Dismantling of the formwork of foundations, walls and partitions. Dismantling of fences, bridges and decking. Dismantling of floors, rebounds and rolls. Dismantling the fence walls. Cleaning the formwork from concrete and mortar. Cleaning roll roofing materials from dusting. Sorting of piece roofing materials. Caulking walls and window openings.

Must know: the main types of timber used and the properties of wood; methods of rough processing of timber; rules for handling antiseptic and fire retardants and techniques for covering wooden parts and structures with them with brushes; methods for disassembling simple wooden structures and cleaning them; rules for the movement and storage of light cargo; types of rolled and piece roofing materials; methods for disassembling simple roofing from roll and piece materials.

§ 330. Carpenter of the 3rd category

Description of works... Carpentry and formwork. Dry coating of roofs of a simple form with rolled and piece roofing materials.

1. General construction works

Production of simple panels for plaster partitions. Sheathing device. Longitudinal cutting of materials. Demolition of temporary buildings. Sheathing of walls and ceilings for plastering and cladding. Installation of the lower plank flooring in two-layer floors (subfloors). Installation of skirting boards and fillets. Pick-up device and repair of plinths. Filling joints with a sealing compound. Installation of temporary fences and gates. Application of antiseptic and fire retardants to wooden structures and parts with spray guns and sprayers. Arrangement of wooden drainage wells, trays, etc. Manufacture and repair of simple construction equipment. Cutting logs onto edges and rounding, cutting edges of boards and plates. Cutting the ends of the logs. Clean cutting of timber, cutting of grooves, ridges and quarters. Timber processing with electrified tools. Dismantling the battens and wooden roofs. Laying of plank beds and boardwalks. Making a floating solution. Sheathing the walls of ryazh and ice cutters with boards. Harvesting of single piles, piling of yokes and shoes on piles. Sawing off the heads of piles and the top of the sheet pile rows. Preparation of single-column supports for communication lines and power transmission lines. Surface finishing with dry plaster. Coating and repair of pitched and gable roofs with dry roll materials with sewing on nails, asbestos-cement sheets or tiles (slate) and repair of roofing from these materials. Lining of overhangs and abutments. Dismantling of the scaffold.

2. Formwork

Manufacturing and repair of formwork panels of rectilinear outline (rectangular and oblique) and rectilinear formwork elements of all types. Harvesting of simple scaffolding elements supporting the formwork without building up. Dismantling of floor formwork, beams, columns, ice cutters, girder spans and overhead structures of bridges.

Must know: main wood species and defects; the device of an electrified tool and the rules for its use; methods of clean cutting of timber; rules for cutting logs, harvesting single piles and single-column supports; methods of preparing rectilinear formwork panels and partitions for plastering; methods for the construction of plinths, boardwalks, partitions, black sheathing and roof elements; methods of preparation of antiseptic and fire retardants; arrangement of devices for applying a sealing compound; methods of applying antiseptic and fire retardants with spray guns and sprayers; basic properties of rolled and piece roofing materials; methods of marking simple roofs and covering them dry with roll and piece roofing materials.

§ 331. Carpenter of the 4th class

(as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of 30.04.2009 N 233)

Description of works... Carpentry and formwork. Roof covering with piece roofing materials.

1. General construction works

Arrangement of wooden partitions. Assembly and installation from wooden parts, elements and structures of residential and industrial buildings. Procurement, assembly, installation, disassembly and replacement of power plates and rafters. Cutting of internal walls from logs. Arrangement of temporary structures: terraces, verandas, vestibules, porches, as well as sheds, sheds, sentry boxes, offices, checkpoints, cubicles, showers, latrines. Arrangement and replacement of wooden bases. Arrangement of frame walls. Clean wall and ceiling cladding. Arrangement, re-laying and rallying of the upper plank coverings (clean floors) from individual planks. Construction of floors from lumber, glued panels, fibreboard, end block, chipboard with sealed joints. Fastening joinery to reinforced concrete parts using assembly piston guns. Installation of window and door frames, blocks and sill boards. Installation of plastic windows and balcony doors with filling the gap between the frame and the wall with foam. Installation of roof windows. Installation of laminated doors with a telescopic frame. Installation of clean fences. Dry antiseptic treatment. Antiseptic and fire retardant impregnation of wooden structures and parts in bathtubs. Installation of bandages on poles. Manufacturing, laying, disassembly and replacement of logs, beams and girders. Change of interfloor and attic floors. Arrangement of scaffolding, scaffolding and overpasses without building up racks. Installation of block scaffolds. Repair of frame walls, floors and plank roofs. The device of mates at an angle using cuts, lamellar pins and keyed connections. Construction of sleeper cages for heavy structures and equipment. Straightening and wedging of rolling tracks when sliding bridge spans. Manufacturing and setting of fights on piles or racks, inserts and ties, struts, braces and rafters of ice cutters. Manufacturing of crossbars and installation of key beams on piles. Installing the ice cutter knife. Laying of persistent beams with their attachment attachments. Manufacturing and laying of Mauerlat beams on supports, crossbars of guard and wheel-restraining beams. Preparation of wooden sheet piles and packages. Manufacturing and staging of chunks (prirubov). Laying nozzles on lighthouse piles and sheet piling. Procurement and assembly of A-shaped, three-column and U-shaped wooden supports for communication lines and power transmission lines. Coating and repair of three- and four-slope hipped roofs, mansard, hip, T- and L-shaped roofs in terms of asbestos-cement sheets and tiles (slate). Lining of overhangs, abutments, ridge, ribs and dormers. Installation of timber frames for all types of suspended ceilings and wall cladding. Installation of suspended ceilings on wooden frames made of Akmigran tiles, aluminum plates, AGT plates, etc. Sheathing of walls and ceilings with fiberboard and chipboard (except for decorative). Installation of small forms, manufactured at the factory.

2. Formwork

Arrangement of scaffolding supporting the formwork. Installation of formwork for columns, beams, floor slabs, walls and partitions, foundations, arrays, frame posts and purlins. Manufacturing and installation of circled jack frames, plugs, panels for sliding formwork and working flooring. Manufacturing and repair of formwork panels for arrays of marine hydraulic structures with longitudinal and transverse hatches and large-panel formwork panels with ribs. Installation of flooring in flexible seams from boards and beams. Dismantling the formwork of arches, domes, vaults, shells, tanks, tanks, bunkers, spiral chambers, suction and supply pipes, as well as scaffolding supporting the formwork. Installation of suspended slab formwork.

Must know: the main elements of wooden parts of buildings and wooden structures and the requirements for their quality; ways of constructing wall frames, clean sheathing and temporary structures; methods of preparation of sheet piles; ways of connecting parts with simple cuts; dry antiseptic methods; methods of impregnation of wooden structures and parts with antiseptic and fire retardants in bathtubs; methods of marking and covering roofs; requirements for the quality of piece roofing materials and coatings; the device of assembly piston guns and the rules of their operation.

§ 332. Carpenter of the 5th category

Description of works... Carpentry and formwork.

1. General construction works

Cutting of external walls from logs and assembly of houses from logs, beams and shields. Manufacturing of glued structures on cuts, dowels, nail, bolted and keyed joints. Assembly and installation of suspended rafters and trusses, as well as arches and beams with a span of up to 15 m. Arrangement of skylights. Arrangement and dismantling of scaffolding and flyovers with racks augmentation. Change of wall crowns made of logs and beams. Cutting and sealing openings in walls from logs and beams. Impregnation of wooden structures and parts with antiseptic and fire retardants using compressor units. Manufacturing and installation of frame supports. Manufacturing and assembly of spans of girder bridges. Assembling ryazh from beams and cutting ryazh from logs. Manufacturing, laying and installation of structural elements for bridges, struts, struts, crossbars, girders, strut pillows, railings and firefighting platforms. Moving, launching and installing ryazh into the target of the structure. Manufacturing and assembly of wooden copra. Harvesting and assembly of wooden AP-shaped supports for communication lines and power transmission lines.

2. Formwork

Formwork for galleries, tanks, tanks, bunkers, girders, high supports. Assembly and installation in place of circled bridges with a span of up to 50 m. Arrangement of multifaceted and curved formwork. Column formwork device with variable cross-section. Enlargement assembly of support structures for suction and supply pipes and volute chambers. Installation and fastening with bolts and thrust beams of the shields of the side surfaces of the anchor formwork. Manufacturing and laying of jambs in the formwork of arched bridges. Repair of curvilinear formwork, large-panel panels.

Must know: methods of marking and manufacturing complex wooden structures, joints and cuttings; rules for reading working drawings for the device of wooden formwork, elements and structures of prefabricated buildings; arrangement of rigging devices used when installing wooden structures; methods of impregnation of wooden structures and parts with antiseptic and fire retardants using compressor units.

§ 333. Carpenter of the 6th category

Description of works... Performing complex formwork works. Formwork for vaults, shells and domes. Assembly and installation in place of circled bridges with a span of over 50 m. Manufacturing of templates for marking jambs. Assembly of arch formwork boxes. Assembly and installation of building trusses and beams over 15 m.

Must know: methods of assembling and installing complex wooden structures of engineering structures; design and methods of arrangement of the types of formwork performed; methods of manufacturing inventory templates for large-sized elements of building structures.

§ 334. Carpenter of the 7th category

Description of works... Performing complex carpentry work in low-rise cottage construction, as well as during the restoration of wooden architecture monuments in the construction of unique objects. Manufacturing and restoration of wooden kokoshniks, platbands, towels and other complex elements according to ready-made samples, drawings and sketches.

Must know: methods of making complex carpentry and structural elements; methods of making complex connections and cuts.

Secondary vocational education is required.

Not every employee will be able to correctly assess the conditions of his own. This article will tell you everything about those environments that representatives of various professions have to face.

What is a performance characteristic?

In various cases of necessity, the administration is obliged to issue the employee an official document called This document can be presented in different forms and types, because everything will depend on the purposes for which it is needed.

Of course, all kinds of performance characteristics will be very difficult to quantify. However, it is worth highlighting the three most common types of this document. These include:

Production characteristics from the place of work... Help is written in any form; the main condition here is the description of the professional, social or service activities of the employee, as well as the assessment of personal and business qualities.

Production characteristics of working conditions for a student who undergoes industrial practice at the enterprise. This form of the document is not so common, but it also takes place. In this case, the certificate is made in free form. Provided by the practice manager or organizational human resources representative.

The production characteristics of the working conditions of an employee, necessary for him and the MSE (medical social examination). This form of the document is one of the most famous and widespread. It is drawn up during the full medical examination of the patient. The degree of loss (partial or complete) of the employee's working capacity is established, the group of his disability is determined. All this is necessary, of course, for the results of the examination for the compliance of working conditions with the employee's health. The document itself is issued by the employer, pre-drawn up in full accordance with the hygienic characteristics. Also, the certificate must include characteristics about labor productivity, about all norms of the employee's output, etc. If the company has a medical center, then the doctor must fill out the characteristics. However, the certification of the document with the signature of the head or head of the personnel department will remain mandatory.

About harmful working conditions

Many people know that the current legislation is obliged to provide people who work in the field with harmful working conditions, some guarantees and benefits. What are these guarantees and what form do they have? The answer to this question is very complex and difficult. After all, there are many classifications that determine the norms for the provision of benefits to workers. Therefore, it is worth turning to another, more important question: what kind of work environment is considered harmful and unsafe for the health of workers?

Long-term characteristics of the working conditions of representatives of various professions made it possible to identify the following main factors that make up harmful professional conditions:

Measures of the tension of working conditions. This includes long-term work without interruption, very monotonous, often involving the emotional and intellectual spheres.
Measures of the severity of working conditions. These are constant dynamic and static loads, usually associated with physical labor. This can also include minor annoying factors such as an uncomfortable posture when performing work, a large number of repetitions of any actions, etc.
Chemical criteria. They are considered if the work has an effect on the human body of various hazardous substances (acids, alkalis, reagents, etc.). Dustiness or gas pollution, heavy stuffy air - all this also has to do with the criteria in question.
General physical criteria. Perhaps the most common group of factors; all because this includes abnormal temperature, high humidity, various kinds of radiation - ionizing or non-ionizing, air speed rates, vibrations and noises, insufficient illumination and much more. Workers with harmful hazardous working conditions in most cases belong to this category. Most of the enterprises in many countries of the world also fit exactly under the considered group of criteria.
Biological factors. This is a very highly specialized group, suitable only for those enterprises where there are biological organisms of varying degrees of danger. These organisms are, of course, divided into two groups: microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses and spirochetes) and macroorganisms (animals and plants).

One more question remained unsolved: how can you determine whether a particular type of work is harmful? There is a special government decree of the Russian Federation No. 870. All official information about the type of profession should be taken from there. However, this document, unfortunately, will not be understood by the majority of the population, because it is a framework document. There are also orders from the Ministry of Health and Social Development, but most of them are based on old Soviet decrees, which contained entire lists of organizations, workshops and positions that could be considered unsafe for health. What are these lists? This will be discussed further.

List of occupations with harmful working conditions

A complete list of jobs containing hazardous and unsafe working conditions is regulated in Government Decree No. 665. This document contains the entire list of beneficiaries who have to work in dangerous, difficult or hazardous conditions.

Below, however, a short list of those categories of citizens who are involved in unsafe professions will be given. As of 2016, these include:

mining workers;
metallurgists mining non-ferrous and ferrous metals;
workers producing generator gases;
workers employed at chemical companies;
persons who work with gunpowder, ammunition, various explosives, etc.
employees of oil and gas organizations, as well as organizations producing coal, shale materials, gas condensate, etc.
persons associated with metalworking;
workers, one way or another connected with radio engineering and electronics;
employees of electrical enterprises;
employees of enterprises producing building materials;
workers of glass and porcelain factories;
persons engaged in the manufacture of fiber, paper, cellulose;
workers producing medicines and various medical preparations;
workers of transport services and organizations;
persons associated with nuclear energy and the nuclear industry.

Builders, welders, agricultural workers, locksmiths, stokers and many other persons, one way or another involved in spheres with the use of physical labor - all of them also belong to preferential categories and fall into the list of professions with labor.

The procedure for assessing working conditions

In 2013, Federal Law No. 426 was put into circulation. It was decided to carry out a special procedure called "Assessment of working conditions at the workplace." The head of this or that organization, who previously performed only certification of available jobs, after the adoption of the Federal Law by force, had to start periodically conducting the operation in question.

An example of the characteristics of working conditions for VTEK is presented below.

So, what is a special assessment of working conditions in the workplace and why is it necessary? The specified assessment is a kind of a set of certain operations, a specific characteristic of working conditions, aimed at:

to detect unsafe factors in production and in the field of the labor process;
to assess the level of influence of these factors on workers.

Upon completion of this assessment, you must:

provide all employees with protective equipment (both collective and individual);
establish all the necessary guarantees and benefits for workers;
conduct medical examinations (preliminary and periodic);
establish additional rates for contributions to Russian Pension Funds;
calculate the discount for "injuries";
prepare reports in the form of statistics on working conditions.

Who are all the above activities aimed at? Assessment of working conditions in workplaces should be carried out for all working individuals, with the exception of homeworkers and teleworkers. Also, no assessment is made of persons who entered into an employment relationship with an employer - an individual who is not an individual entrepreneur.

How exactly the assessment of working conditions should be carried out has been written in many publications and articles. However, the most accurate source is, of course, Federal Law No. 426. It is worth paying attention to another important question: at what time should the considered complex of measures be carried out?

When is the assessment of working conditions carried out?

An assessment of the working conditions must be made at least once every five years. The presented set of measures is carried out, of course, without fail - regardless of whether any harmful conditions were previously discovered or not. There are also a number of factors that contribute to the implementation of unscheduled inspections of working conditions. Here are some situations that can lead to an off-plan review:

newly organized workplaces are put into operation;
the head of the organization receives a "message" from the state labor inspector about an unscheduled inspection;
the composition of the raw materials or material used is changing (but only if such materials can negatively affect the employees of the enterprise);
the technological process itself is changing, production equipment is being replaced (again, only if such equipment is unsafe);
collective or individual protective equipment is being replaced or modernized;
an emergency or accident occurs at work;
putting forward a proposal for an unscheduled inspection of the enterprise from a trade union or other representative body.

So, the general description of working conditions and the assessment of working conditions can occur much more often than once every five years. According to statistics, most enterprises are faced with unscheduled inspections quite often. That is why the management of an enterprise needs to be extremely careful and careful. Taking proper care of your employees will help to develop production in a quality manner and get rid of too frequent and therefore annoying inspections.

4 and 3 classes of working conditions

The assessment of working conditions ends with the establishment of certain classes and subclasses in the workplace. This event is held in order to determine additional tariffs for the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, their size and ratio.

So what are the classes of working conditions? It all depends on the level of harm; so, there are four levels:

Level 4 - Dangerous;
Level 3 - harmful;
Level 2 - permissible;
Level 1 is optimal.

What constitutes a hazardous labor class? If we try to briefly describe such a group of professions, then we can say that the worker is exposed to a dangerous and harmful production environment, which in one way or another can threaten the life and health of the worker. There is a high risk

The third class, called harmful, can be established in production only if workers are influenced by unsafe factors that, moreover, exceed the established standards. This group of working conditions is divided into the following subclasses:

3.1. This subclass is characterized as a set of working conditions under which the worker's body requires a slightly longer time to recover. Work shifts and days off should be calculated.

3.2. This subclass is characterized by the occurrence of mild diseases in an employee due to the profession.

3.3. It is characterized by the occurrence of moderate diseases in a worker.

3.4. It is characterized by the occurrence of diseases in workers in a severe and acute form.

2 and 1 classes of working conditions

The second group is the working conditions that are considered acceptable. It includes unsafe factors at work, which nevertheless do not exceed the established hygienic and sanitary standards. Of course, various established types and characteristics of working conditions prescribe that workers belonging to the second class may still have a small risk of getting sick due to a poor working environment. However, according to the documents, the body of such workers is able to fully recover by the next work shift. In addition, harmful factors will not adversely affect a person in the long or short term.

The last group is optimal working conditions. They are installed only when hazardous or harmful factors are completely absent in production, and there is a favorable microclimate that contributes to balanced physical and mental stress. Overloading for workers of the first group is not allowed.

Thus, the classes of working conditions presented above are spelled out quite clearly and simply. Determining which group a particular profession belongs to will not be so difficult.

On the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions

In 2008, on May 31, a Fed order was issued. services for human well-being and consumer protection under number 103. It was this document that approved the instructions for carrying out activities related to the hygienic and sanitary assessment of working conditions. In order to better understand how exactly the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions should be carried out, it is worth "walking" by the order itself. So, in order to draw up the considered characteristics of work, which is carried out by a worker with diseases that have arisen in the course of professional activity, it is necessary to follow the following recommendations:

How is the description of labor conditions filled in?

Unfortunately, not all persons who manage this or that organization know how to correctly draw up and formalize a professional description. That is why it is worth considering a rather important and vital question: how is the description of the working conditions of an employee sent for examination correctly filled in?

What form do you need to take? In most cases, the characteristic in question is written on a blank form, although this is not at all a prerequisite. The name of the worker, his date of birth, as well as the address, telephone number and, if any, the place of study are indicated at the top of the sheet.

After that, a small description of the worker's previous activities is drawn up. It is necessary to describe the past work of a professional person, his awards and achievements, received professional injuries, etc. This is a mandatory item if a description of the working conditions of VTEK is drawn up.

A sample of the working conditions characteristics for the ITU can be seen in the photo below.

Next, you need to describe the person's current place of work. This is done in as much detail as possible. The mode of operation, load, breaks for rest or lunch, temperature and pressure in rooms and much more are indicated. However, you should not attribute all harmful ones here, otherwise confusion may arise. This should be done in a separate paragraph (or chapter). To do this, you will have to indicate the exact level of noise, vibration, hazardous substances in the air, etc. All data on the employee's business trips (if any) should also be written here. In the "Conclusion" you can write about the possibility of transferring to an easier and less dangerous job.

The created document is signed by the head of the personnel department, the head of the legal department, the chief physician and the head of the enterprise. There must, of course, be a seal.

On the characteristics of working conditions in an employment contract

As you know, when accepting a person applying for a job to a vacant position in the employment contract of the latter, it is necessary to fill in the "Working conditions" column. It would seem that there are no problems. However, many enterprises are often subjected to numerous unscheduled inspections, and therefore there is no special assessment of working conditions. What to do in such a situation? Refuse to hire someone, in principle, until a response has come to the submitted application for a special assessment? This is hardly the right way out.

Of course, it's worth continuing to recruit different individuals. However, there is a small caveat. So, it would be highly undesirable for the employer to include any guarantees and compensation for harm in the employment contract. This is best done after the review and assessment is complete. Such actions are legally justified and legal.

It should also be noted that the assessment of labor conditions should not be delayed. A description of the working conditions in the employment contract should be drawn up as soon as possible.

1.Description of the workplace and related work process

A carpenter is a professional woodworker who grinds and manufactures products from wood or products on a wooden base.

The carpentry profession is in demand in the furniture industry, in the construction of houses, in the decoration of houses, in the aviation industry (manufacturing of wooden gliders and aircraft parts), in figured woodcarving and in other areas. The carpenter's profession is popular among young people, and even in schools, children learn to work with wood in labor lessons. The carpentry profession is in demand in the market. The organization of a workplace is a system of measures for equipping and placing on it in a certain order the means and objects of labor: equipment, tools, fixtures, materials, etc.

The workplace is a part of the production area with the means and objects of labor located on it, on which the worker performs work. Workplaces of carpenters for manual or machine-tool processing of wood are equipped with workbenches or machines. Such workplaces have three zones:

The working area, which contains the workbench (machine), the workpiece and the tool used for this;

Material storage area, which contains materials, rough blanks and machined parts, fixtures and equipment;

The transport area, through which the necessary items and means of labor are supplied to the workplace.

A feature of the organization of workplaces of carpenters or carpenters in construction is their constant movement, depending on the conditions and needs of production.

The professional functions of a carpenter include: turning and making products from wood or on a wooden base, making furniture (tables, chairs, cabinets, sideboards, stools, nightstands, shelves, etc.), windows, skirting boards, cornices, stairs, wooden parts aircraft and curly wood carvings; sawing and planing by hand of unveiled squared pieces of a simple profile; manually applying glue to the parts to be glued and removing glue drips from parts and assemblies; installation of dowels on glue; sticker on upholstery products; assembly of frames on metal clips; assembly of simple boxes from finished parts; preparation of wood glue; sharpening of simple carpentry tools; pasting the ends of veneered parts with rubberized tape; impregnation of the layers and edges of the bars with soapy water; splitting round timber into blanks of various sizes and notching the contour of a carved toy.

The joiner works at enterprises of the woodworking, forestry, wood-chemical industry, construction and repair and construction enterprises, shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises, in the administrative departments of organizations and institutions. The profession includes a number of specialties. The most widespread is the construction carpenter. Most of the work is performed on sawmills, planing, milling, slotting, grinding machines.

The severity and intensity of labor are characterized by the degree of functional tension of the body. It can be energetic, depending on the power of work - with physical labor, and emotional - with mental labor ...

Certification of workplaces as a factor in improving working conditions

The intensity of work is characterized by an emotional load on the body during work, which requires mainly intensive work of the brain to receive and process information. Mental work is considered the easiest ...

Life safety of the waterproofer at the workplace

A waterproofer must be a highly qualified specialist who knows exactly his job description. A specialist must produce timely effective, reliable and high-quality insulation of any building structure ...

Life safety of a turner

The layout of the workplace provides for a rational arrangement of equipment and tooling, the most efficient use of production areas, the creation of comfortable and safe working conditions ...

The severity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with the present "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of hazard and hazard factors of the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process" ...

Safety of technological processes and equipment at the carpenter's workplace at the LLC TD Igrinsky Lespromkhoz

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with the present "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of the hazard and hazard of working environment factors, the severity and intensity of the labor process" ...

Labor safety at the workplace of an accountant

workplace accountant labor protection The nature of the work is of great importance. In particular, when organizing an accountant's workplace, the following basic conditions must be met: optimal placement of equipment ...

Computer and security

The workplace is the part of the space in which the engineer works and spends most of his working time. A workplace well adapted to the work of an engineer ...

Labor protection at heat supply enterprises

The factors of the labor process are understood as the severity and intensity of labor. The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular ...

Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, and the emotional sphere of the employee. To the factors characterizing the intensity of labor ...

Assessment of hazardous and harmful factors in the workplace of a chemistry teacher

The assessment of working conditions was carried out at the workplace of a chemistry teacher. The room in which the chemistry teacher's workplace is located is a room divided into two zones by a wall. The first zone is laboratory ...

Assessment of working conditions at the workplace of an electric welder

The welder's workplace can be both stationary and mobile. But in any case, the welder must have: a power source, a welding transformer, welding wires, an electrode holder, a face shield ...

The locksmith, while performing his work duties, is in a standing position up to 60% of the shift time ...

Improving the working conditions of a metalwork assembly fitter

The locksmith assembles especially complex structures and critical units of metal structures for welding according to drawings and assembly diagrams using universal and special devices and templates ...

Ergonomic requirements for the organization of the workplace of a standardization engineer

He works at enterprises of the woodworking, forestry, wood-chemical industries, construction and repair and construction enterprises, shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises, in the administrative departments of organizations and institutions. With the help of hand and mechanized tools, on woodworking machines, he processes various types of wood, making products of a given configuration, shape, purpose. By external signs, it recognizes wood species, its defects, quality, shades. Performs operations for gouging, scraping, cleaning products and units, veneered or from solid wood. Covers frames. Bonds layouts, pilasters and glazing beads in manufactured products. Inserts mirrors, glass, cuts in locks, installs fittings, etc. Before the main operation - sawing - makes markings according to drawings and sketches, using measuring instruments. Chooses the slots with a chisel or chisel. Covers products with varnish or wax, shading the pattern (texture) of the breed. Primers and polishes products. Carries out their assembly by fitting individual elements of the product. Connects the elements of the product with glue, bolts, screws, nails. Installs the product directly on the facility under construction. The profession includes a number of specialties. The most widespread is the construction carpenter. Most of the work is performed on sawmills, planing, milling, slotting, grinding machines. It is charged for 2-6 digits. The simplest work is selection, sorting of lumber, preparation of blocks, etc. - refer to 2-3 categories. The 4th grade carpenter mainly makes and assembles rectangular items. Workers of the 6th grade make, install and restore especially complex figured and curved handrails, plinths, platbands, etc. A furniture joiner makes furniture according to its functional purpose and human anatomical characteristics. According to the level of qualifications in this specialty, a small group of cabinet-makers stands out, performing work on the design of new furniture, restoration of old furniture and fulfilling individual orders. Ship joiner installs and fixes furniture on ships. A joiner for the manufacture and repair of musical instruments cuts out the openwork and contours of parts and assemblies. Depending on the specialty, he works indoors or outdoors, individually or in complex teams. Work at height is possible. It is exposed to odorous, sometimes harmful substances (varnish, oils, etc.) ), wood dust. The work is predominantly male, with the exception of the production of artistic furniture.

Characteristics of the working conditions of the employee for the IUE on the sample of filling out the form. Brief description of the profession What it contains and how to fill it in

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1.Description of the workplace and related work process