Working conditions in the production of antibiotics are characterized by the possible entry into the air of highly dispersed dust of antibiotics, vapors and gases, chemicals used in the technological process and the release of excess heat. During the fermentation stages, workers may be exposed to phenol and formaldehyde vapors used to sterilize premises and equipment, as well as producer dust.

During the pre-treatment and filtration stages, workers come into contact with vapors of oxalic and acetic acids. Manual operations often lead to contamination of the skin and overalls with culture fluid and native antibiotic solution.

The processes of isolation and chemical purification of the antibiotic, carried out by extraction and precipitation methods, are associated with the possibility of exposure of the body to working vapors and gases of butyl, isopropyl and methyl alcohols, butyl acetate, oxalic, acetic, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids and other substances used in this stage. Concentrations of these substances in the air in some cases may exceed the maximum permissible limits. The main reasons for air pollution in the working area with harmful substances are insufficient tightness of equipment, the presence of manual operations, low efficiency of ventilation devices, etc.

At the final stages, as research shows, the processes of drying, sifting, tableting, packaging and packaging of antibiotics can be accompanied by significant environmental pollution with fine dust from the finished product. In addition, workers in the preparatory workshops, drying department, and fermentation, in addition to the chemical factor, can simultaneously be exposed to excess heat, the main source of which is inoculators, fermenters, drying units, as well as the surfaces of communication networks if they are insufficiently insulated.

A study of the health status of workers in the production of antibiotics shows that under the influence of occupational hazards, disturbances in the functional state of the body, and in some cases, the development of occupational diseases, are possible.

One of the characteristic manifestations of the toxic effect of antibiotics are complaints of persistent itching of the skin, frequent headaches, pain in the eyes, increased fatigue, pain and dry throat. In some cases (for example, when exposed to streptomycin), workers also note decreased hearing and pain in the heart area.

The most common and characteristic symptoms when exposed to antibiotics are complications from the gastrointestinal tract: lack of appetite, nausea, flatulence, abdominal pain. A significant group of complications consists of liver damage, renal dysfunction, cardiovascular and nervous systems.

Currently, significant material has been accumulated on the effect of antibiotics on the blood system: the development of anemia, agranulocytosis, leukopenia, and disturbances in vitamin metabolism.

Antibiotics should be classified as a group of so-called allergens, the sensitizing effect of which is manifested mainly in damage to the skin and respiratory system. Allergies occur both through inhalation into the body and through contact with skin. The development of skin sensitization is facilitated by a violation of the integrity of the skin. Positive allergen tests, for example for penicillin, were detected in 18% of those working with antibiotics, for streptomycin - in 18.5%, for both antibiotics with combined action - in 47%. People who are constantly in contact with antibiotics most often (50%) develop dermatitis, eczema, and urticaria, localized mainly on the hands, forearms, and face. These changes are most often recorded in workers with more than 5 years of experience in the production of biomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and penicillin. In this case, skin damage begins with diffuse hyperemia and swelling of the face (especially in the eyelid area), hands and forearms. With further contact with antibiotics, acute or subacute recurrent dermatitis may develop, turning into eczema.

Changes in the upper respiratory tract are expressed in the development of hyperemia and atrophy of the mucous membranes, mainly the nose and larynx. As the disease progresses, it can become complicated by asthmatic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. One of the manifestations of the side effects of antibiotics is dysbacteriosis - a disruption of the normal microflora of the body. Those working in the production of antibiotics are diagnosed with secondary mycoses (usually candidiasis), changes in the gastrointestinal tract and upper respiratory tract, which developed against the background of dysbiosis of the mucous membranes, as well as inhibition of natural immunity factors. Workers experienced constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, erosions and ulcers of the rectal mucosa. The detected changes in health status are to a certain extent reminiscent of the side effects of antibiotics in clinical use.

Along with this, workers experience an increased incidence of influenza, ARVI and diseases of the female genital area.

Preventive measures in the production of antibiotics should be aimed primarily at combating the release of harmful substances into the air of the working area. To this end, the complex of health measures must include automation and mechanization of technological processes, effective operation of general and local ventilation, and compliance with the technological regime. This not only eliminates the effect of released harmful substances on workers, but also eliminates the adverse influence of meteorological factors.

Particular attention in the fight against air pollution by harmful substances should be given to sealing technological equipment and communications, mechanization of processes and operations for loading, unloading and transporting raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products.

An important place in the prevention of the harmful effects of chemical factors should be occupied by laboratory monitoring of the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area, the amount of which should not exceed established standards. Currently, maximum permissible concentrations have been established for the following antibiotics: streptomycin - 0.1 mg/m3, oxacillin - 0.05 mg/m3, florimycin - 0.1 mg/m3, hygromycin B - 0.001 mg/m3, oxytetracycline - 0.1 mg/m3 , ampicillin - 0.1 mg/m3, biovit (based on the content of chlortetracycline in the air) - 0.1 mg/m3, oleandomycin - 0.4 mg/m3, phytobacterin - 0.1 mg/m3.

To a large extent, the improvement of the air environment in the production of antibiotics will be facilitated by the replacement of harmful ingredients in the technological formulation with new, less toxic compounds.

In the production of antibiotics, therapeutic and preventive measures are also important. These primarily include organizing and conducting preliminary and periodic medical examinations. Hiring to work in the preparatory, reactor, drying and other departments must be carried out taking into account the contraindications provided for working in contact with the hazards present in these departments. Carrying out periodic medical examinations is aimed at timely detection of possible occupational diseases.

In order to prevent allergization of the body and the skin-irritating effect of chemicals, it is recommended to carry out preventive desensitization, use of protective ointments (for example, 2% salicylic), detergents, etc.

Organizing a proper diet and rest is important in preventing diseases and promoting health. It is recommended to provide lactic acid colibacterin for the prevention of dyspeptic disorders in workers, as well as enriching food rations with vitamins A, B, PP, C. It is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene - wash your hands after each manipulation with antibiotics, take a shower and change clothes after work. In addition, those working in the production of antibiotics must be provided with rational work clothes, underwear, shoes, gloves and mittens, anti-dust respirators such as “Lepestok-5”, “Lepestok-40”, and safety glasses.

The specialist’s workplace is located in a room with the following parameters:

Room height: 3 m;

Room width: 5 m;

Room length: 6 m;

Number of windows: 1;

Number of jobs: 2;

Lighting: artificial;

The employee’s job responsibilities include: working with the application program in an interactive mode, communicating with hotel visitors.

At the workplace, a specialist is exposed to the following unfavorable factors:

· levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF)

Acoustic noise levels

concentration of harmful substances in the air

· eye strain

Therefore, in order to make the work of employees safe and comfortable, it is necessary to develop means of protection against these harmful factors. These protective measures include: ventilation, artificial lighting, sound insulation. There are standards that define comfortable conditions and maximum permissible standards for dust, air temperature, noise, and illumination. In the system of measures to ensure favorable working conditions, a large place is given to aesthetic factors: the design of the industrial interior, equipment, the use of functional music, etc., which have a certain effect on the human body. An important role is played by the coloring of the premises, which should be light. In this section of the thesis project, the required illumination of the workplace and other characteristics are calculated.

When organizing the operation of a software product, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of constant or periodic exposure of the PC operator to the following dangerous and harmful factors:

· air pollution with harmful substances, dust, microorganisms and positive airborne particles;

· non-compliance with microclimate parameters;

· increased noise level in the workplace;

· insufficient illumination of the working area;

· prolonged stay in the same position and repetition of the same movements leads to long-term static load syndrome (LSLS);

· non-compliance of the ergonomic characteristics of the equipment with the standardized values;

· a large volume of processed information leads to significant loads on the visual organs;

· danger of fire.

Requirements for lighting of premises and workplaces

Lighting is one of the most important production working conditions. A person receives about 90% of information through the visual apparatus. Worker fatigue, labor productivity, and safety depend on lighting. Sufficient lighting has a tonic effect, improves the flow of basic processes of higher nervous activity, stimulates metabolic and immunobiological processes, and affects the daily rhythm of the physiological functions of the human body. Practice shows that only by improving lighting in the workplace, an increase in labor productivity from 1.5 to 15% was achieved. The human visual apparatus perceives a wide range of visible radiation from 380 to 770 nm, i.e. from ultraviolet to infrared radiation.

The most important role in the work process is played by such vision functions as contrast sensitivity, visual acuity, speed of distinguishing details, stability of vision and color sensitivity.

As illumination increases to a certain level, visual acuity increases. The speed of visual perception is directly dependent on the level of illumination, as well as the stability of clear vision, which refers to the ability of the eye to hold a clear image of the part in question. The best conditions for color perception are created in natural light. Color affects other visual functions. Thus, visual acuity, speed of visual perception and stability of vision have a maximum in the yellow zone of the spectrum. When using direct contrast (an object is darker than the background), visual fatigue is less than when using the opposite. Increasing illumination with direct contrast improves visibility, and with reverse contrast it worsens.

Natural, artificial and combined lighting is provided in work areas. Premises with permanent staff must have natural light. When working in the dark, artificial lighting is used in industrial premises. In cases where work is performed with the highest precision, combined lighting is used. In turn, natural lighting can be side, top or combined, depending on the location of light openings (lanterns). Artificial lighting can be general (with uniform illumination of the room), localized (with the location of light sources taking into account the placement of workplaces), combined (a combination of general and local lighting.

In accordance with the “Building Norms and Rules” SNiP 23-05-95, lighting must ensure: sanitary standards of illumination in workplaces, uniform brightness in the field of view, absence of sharp shadows and glare, consistency of illumination over time and correct direction of the light flux. Lighting in indoor workplaces must be monitored at least once a year.

The actual illumination in the workroom must be greater than or equal to the standard illumination. If lighting requirements are not met, visual fatigue develops, overall performance decreases, and the risk of injury increases. Low light contributes to the development of myopia. Changes in illumination cause frequent readaptation, leading to the development of visual fatigue.

Glare causes glare, eyestrain and can lead to accidents.

Lighting standards for workplaces are regulated by SNiP 23-05-95.

When establishing the illumination standard, it is necessary to take into account: the size of the object of discrimination, the contrast of the object with the background and the nature of the background. Based on these data, according to the tables of NorP 23-05-95, the illumination standard is determined.

When choosing sources of artificial lighting, their electrical, lighting, design, operational and economic indicators should be taken into account. In practice, two types of lighting sources are used: incandescent lamps (IL) and gas-discharge lamps (GRL). The choice of artificial light sources is made according to SNiP II - 4-79, depending on the nature of visual work on color discrimination.

For lighting, luminaires with fluorescent lamps are used - LSP01. The characteristics of the luminaire are presented in Table 1

Table 3 - Characteristics of the lamp

Estimated height h of the lamp suspension above the working surface: h = H n - h c - h p = 3 – 0.184 -0.7 = 2.116 m,

where H n is the height of the room, m, h c is the distance of the lamp to the ceiling, m, h p is the height of the working surface.

The room index is calculated using the formula:

6*5/(2,116*(6+5)) 1,28

where a and b are the length and width of the room;

h - height of suspension of lamps.

The number of lamps is determined by the following ratio:

N= =300*20*1.5*1.1/(1*1.28*4600)= 1.68 2 lamps.

where E is the specified minimum illumination, S is the illuminated area, K is the safety factor, taking into account the deterioration of the characteristics of sources during operation, Z is the minimum illumination coefficient , n is the number of lamps planned before calculation, h is the utilization factor, Ф is the flow of lamps in one row.

The requirements for artificial lighting of the workplace have been determined.

Noise and vibration requirements

In industrial premises in which work on VDTs and PCs is auxiliary, noise levels at workplaces should not exceed the values ​​​​established for these types of work by the “Sanitary Standards for Permissible Noise Levels at Workplaces”.

When performing the main work on VDTs and PCs (control rooms, operator rooms, control cabins and control stations, computer rooms, etc.), in all educational and preschool rooms with VDTs and PCs, the noise level at the workplace should not exceed 50 dBA.

In rooms where engineering and technical workers carrying out laboratory, analytical or measurement control work, the noise level should not exceed 60 dBA.

In the premises of computer operators (without displays), the noise level should not exceed 65 dBA.

At workplaces in rooms housing noisy computer units (ADCs, printers, etc.), the noise level should not exceed 75 dBA.

When performing work with VDTs and PCs in industrial premises, the vibration level should not exceed permissible values ​​according to the “Sanitary Standards for Vibration of Workplaces” (category 3, type “c”).

In production premises in which work with VDTs and PCs is the main activity, as well as in all educational and preschool premises with VDTs and PCs, vibration at workplaces should not exceed permissible vibration standards.

Noisy equipment (ADC, printers, etc.), the noise levels of which exceed the standardized ones, must be located outside the room with VDTs and PCs.

Table 4 - Permissible vibration standards at all workplaces with VDTs and PCs, including students and preschool children

Geometric mean frequencies of octave bands, Hz	Valid values
by vibration acceleration	by vibration velocity
ms-2	dB	ms-1	dB
X, Y axes
	5.3x10		4.5x10
	5.3x10		2.2x10
	5.3x10		1.1x10
	1.0x10		1.1x10
31,5	2.1x10		1.1x10
	4.2x10		1.1x10
Corrected values ​​and their levels in dB W	9.3x10		2.0x10

The noise level in rooms with VDTs and PCs can be reduced by using sound-absorbing materials with maximum sound absorption coefficients in the frequency range 63 - 8000 Hz for finishing rooms (approved by the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia), confirmed by special acoustic calculations.

if he is suspected of having an occupational disease

___________№_________

day month Year

1. Employee_________________

1.1. Year of birth_____

1.2. The basis for drawing up this sanitary and hygienic specification is the notice__________

____________________

(name of medical institution, legal address, date)

____________________

____________________

2. Name of the enterprise (employer)___________

full name, legal address, actual address, form of ownership

___________________

codes OKFS, OKPO, OKONH

____________________

2.1. Name of the object (shop, site, workshop, etc.)_____

____________________

2.2. License for the type of activity of the employer________

____________________

3. Profession or position of the employee________

____________________

according to OKDDR or OKDDR OK 016-94

3.1. Total work experience_______

3.2. Work experience in this profession (position)__________

3.3. Work experience under conditions of exposure to hazardous, harmful substances and unfavorable production factors that could cause occupational disease (poisoning)_____________

____________________

3.4. Professional route (according to the entry in the work book)_________

____________________

____________________

Note: work under special conditions, as well as types of work actually performed that are not indicated in the work book, are entered with the mark “according to the employee” (information is not clearly recognized without written confirmation from the employee and confirmation by the employer or witnesses)

____________________

____________________

____________________

4. Description of working conditions in this area__________

____________________

sufficiency of area, volume, arrangement of equipment and its characteristics

____________________

(sealing, automation, passports of ventilation units, etc.)

____________________

state of the light environment, technical documentation for equipment

____________________

non-compliance with technical regulations, production process

____________________

violation of the operating mode of technological equipment, instruments,

____________________

working tools, violations of labor conditions, the presence of emergency situations,

____________________

failure of protective equipment, lighting; non-compliance with sanitary rules, norms,

Hygienic standards, safety regulations; imperfect technology

____________________

mechanisms, equipment, tools, inefficiency ____________________

ventilation, air conditioning, protective equipment, mechanisms, means

____________________

personal protection; lack of rescue measures and means

____________________

Work in an open area: indicators of maximum and minimum average monthly air temperature, relative air humidity, wind speed, intensity of direct solar radiation for a given area, for warm and cold periods_____________

_________________

____________________

4.1. A detailed description of the technological operations performed, production activities, indicating all harmful factors of the production environment and the labor process, their sources, duration of exposure in % (process and technical documentation: TR, TC, timing, technological regime, workplace certification materials)________

____________________

____________________

4.2. Composition and formulation of the substances and materials used (GOST, TU, TR,

work instructions, safety instructions, sanitary and epidemiological conclusion, etc.)____________

____________________

____________________

4.3. Characteristics of work and rest regimes: rotation method, shifts, duration and compliance with regulated breaks (working time sheet), availability of overtime work__________

____________________

____________________

____________________

4.4. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE): brands, availability taking into account the corresponding unfavorable production factor, systematic use, violation of the rules of use, storage and application (GOST, SSBT, labor protection instructions)___________

____________________

____________________

____________________

5. The state of the production environment depending on harmful production factors in the workplace. Data from laboratory and instrumental studies (if possible, presented over a period of 5 years).

The organizations that carried them out. Information about the laboratories (testing centers) that conducted the studies, the dates of the said studies. If archival or literary data are used, indicate the source and year. The time of exposure to a harmful factor during a shift must be indicated______________________________

____________________

6.1.________________

Harmful substances of hazard class 1-2 with the exception of those listed below

6.2._______________

Harmful substances of hazard class 3-4 with the exception of those listed below

6.3. ______________

Substances dangerous for the development of acute poisoning: with highly targeted

mechanism of action, irritant

6.4._______________

Carcinogens

6.5. _______________

Allergens

6.6. ________________

Antitumor drugs, hormones (estrogens)

6.7. ________________

Narcotic analgesics

6.8. Class of working conditions ____________

7. Levels of skin contamination with harmful substances__

____________________

according to GN

8.1.________________

Producing microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and

microorganism spores

8.2.________________

Protein preparations

8.3.________________

Pathogenic microorganisms

diseases________________

8.5. Class of working conditions ____________

9.1._________________

Dusts are expressed and moderately fibrinogenic (A)

9.2. ________________

Low fibrinogenic dusts (B)

9.3._________________

9.4. Class of working conditions according to ____________

10. Noise, local and general vibration, infra - ultrasound (actual levels, maximum permissible concentrations, degree of excess)

10.1.________________

Noise (equivalent sound level, dBA)

10.2.________________

Local vibration (equivalent adjusted vibration velocity level, dB)

10.3. _______________

General vibration (equivalent adjusted vibration velocity level, dB)

10.4.________________

Infrasound (total sound pressure level, dB Lin)

0.5. _______________

Ultrasound air (sound level.

pressure in 1/3 octave frequency bands, dB)

10.6. _______________

Contact ultrasound (vibration velocity levels, dB)

10.7. Class of working conditions ____________

11. Microclimate indicators for industrial premises

(parameters, degree of compliance with sanitary standards)

11.1.________________

Air temperature, 0 C

11.2. ______________

Air speed, m/s

11.3. _______________

Air humidity, %

11.4. _______________

TNS index, 0 C

11.5. _______________

Thermal radiation, W/m2

11.6. Class of working conditions __________

12. Natural and artificial lighting

12.1.________________

12.2.________________

Illumination of the working surface (E, Lux)

12.3.________________

Blindness index, P, rel. units

12.4.________________

Reflected glare

12.5._______________Pulsation coefficient, Kp, %

12.6. Class of working conditions ____________

3. Parameters of ionizing radiation MPL, degree of excess

____________________

____________________

13.1. Class of working conditions ____________

14. Parameters of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation, MPL, degree of excess

14.1. _______________

Geomagnetic field

14.2.________________

Electrostatic field

14.3. _______________

Constant magnetic field

14.4. _______________

Power frequency electromagnetic fields (50 Hz)

14.5. _______________

Power frequency magnetic fields (50 Hz)

14.6. _______________

EMR generated by VDTs and personal electronic computers

_______________

EMR radio frequency ranges 0.01-0.03 MHz

14.8.________________ 0.03-3.0 MHz

14.9.___________________

14.10._______________

30.0-300.0 MHz

14.11._______________

300.0 MHz-300.0 GHz

14.12._______________

Radio frequency EMR: Laser radiation

14.13. ______________

Ultraviolet radiation

14.14. Class of working conditions ____________

15. Indicators of the severity of the labor process

16. Assessing the severity of the labor process________

17. Indicators of tension in the labor process · ___________

17.1. Assessment of labor intensity_________

18. General assessment of working conditions, taking into account the combined and combined effects of all harmful and dangerous factors of the working environment and the labor process in accordance with Guideline R. 2.2.2006-05 (clause 4.12, table 4.12.1) ______________

19. Availability, condition and use of sanitary facilities

____________________

20. Food provision, incl. preventive, treatment and prophylactic___________________

21. Medical support (periodic medical examinations), results_______________

____________________

22. Did the employee have a previously established occupational disease (poisoning), was he sent to a trade union center (to an occupational pathologist) to establish the connection of the disease with the profession_____________

__________________

23. Presence of occupational diseases or poisonings in this workshop, area, professional group________________

____________________

24. Conclusion on the state of working conditions ____________

____________________

____________________

25. The sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions were compiled by a doctor from the Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Testing________________________________

name of the department

signature_____________

FULL NAME. fully

Agreed by the head of the department, department_________

The following are familiar with the sanitary and hygienic characteristics:

Employer _____ signature___________

Employee (authorized representative)_________

signature____________

(full full name for the authorized person)

The sanitary and hygienic characteristics are drawn up in _____ copies.

2. Gender_____3. Age________

(full years)

____________________

____________________

____________________

7. Preliminary diagnosis (diagnoses) of an occupational disease (poisoning), diseases (poisonings), date of its (their) presentation

7.1. ________________ 20 ___

7.2. ________________ 20 ___

8. Harmful production factors and causes that caused illness or poisoning _____________

____________________

9. Name of the institution that established the diagnosis(s)________

____________________

10. Chief physician_______ ____________

(signature) Full name

Date of dispatch of the notice “____“ ___________

Date of receipt “___”_______20__

1. Last name, first name, patronymic ____________

2. Gender_____3. Age________

(full years)

4. Name of the enterprise________

(indicate the name of the enterprise, organization, institution,

his departmental affiliation)

____________________

5. Name of the workshop, department, section______

____________________

6. Profession, position ____________

____________________

7. The final diagnosis (diagnoses) of an occupational disease or poisoning, diseases or poisonings, the date of its (their) statement, modification, clarification or cancellation:

7.1. ________________

(In case of changes, clarifications or cancellations of diagnoses, the

20___

(initial diagnoses)

____________________

20___

8. Harmful production factors and causes of illness or poisoning________________

____________________

___________________

9. Reasons for changing, clarifying or canceling the diagnosis (diagnoses)_______

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

10. Name of the institution that established the diagnosis(s)________

____________________

____________________

____________________

11. Chief physician____________

(signature) Full name

Date of dispatch of the notice "____" _____ 20___

Signature of the doctor who sent the notification

Date of receipt "___"_______ 20__

Signature of the physician who received the notification

Table 1 - Classes of working conditions depending on the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area (exceeding MPC, times)

Harmful	Class of working conditions
substances	Allow-	Harmful – 3.0	Dangerous
	washed (2.0)	3.1	3.2	3.3	3.4	4.0
Harmful substances of hazard classes 1-4 (1) with the exception of those listed below	<=ПДК, макс <=ПДК, СС	1,1-3,0 1,1-3,0	3,1-10,0 3,1-10,0	10,1-15,0 10,1-15,0	15,1-20,0 >15,0	>20.0 X
Features of the effect on the body	Substances dangerous for the development of acute poisoning	With a highly targeted mechanism of action (2) Chlorine, ammonia	<=ПДК, макс	1,1-2,0	2.1-4.0	4.1-6.0	6.1-10.0	> 10.0
	Irritant (2)	<=ПДК, макс	1,1-2,0	2,1-5,0	5,1-10,0	10,1-50,0	>50,0
	Carcinogens, substances hazardous to human reproductive health	<=ПДК_сс	1,1-2,0	2,1-4,0	4,1-10,0	> 10,0	X
	Allergens	Highly dangerous	<=ПДК_макс	1,1-3,0	3,1-15,0	15,1-20,	>20,0	X
		Moderately dangerous	<=ПДК_макс	1,1-2,0	2,1-5,0	5,1-15,0	15,1-20,0	>20,0
	Antitumor drugs, hormones, (extragens) (6)	X	X	X	X	+	X

Notes to Table 1:

(1) In accordance with GN 2.2.5.1313-03 “Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area”, amendments to it.

(2) In accordance with GN 2.2.5.1313-03, GN 2.2.5.1314-03 “Approximate safe exposure levels (ISEL) of harmful substances in the air of the working area”, amendments to them and sections 1, 2 appendix 2 of this manual.

(3) In accordance with GN 1.1.725-98 “List of substances, products, production processes, household and natural factors that are carcinogenic to humans” and sections 1, 2 of Appendix 3 of this manual (Asbestos-containing dusts are compared according to Table 3).

(4) In accordance with SanPiN 2.2.0.555-96 “Hygienic requirements for working conditions for women”, methodological recommendations N 11-8/240-02 “Hygienic assessment of harmful production factors and production processes hazardous to human reproductive health”. Detailed review document on classification systems for reproductive toxicity in OECD member countries/ OECD series on testing and assessment No. 15. Paris: OECD. 1999 and Appendix 4 of this manual.

(5) In accordance with GN 2.2.5.1313-03, its amendments and Appendix 5 of this manual.

(6) Substances, upon receipt and use of which, contact with the respiratory organs and skin of the worker must be excluded with mandatory control of the air in the working area, approved methods (in accordance with GN 2.2.5.1313-03, amendments to it, sections 1, 2 Appendix 6 of this manual.

(7) Exceeding the specified level can lead to acute, incl. and fatal poisoning.

+ Regardless of the concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area, working conditions belong to this class.

Table 2 - Classes of working conditions depending on the content of biological factor in the air of the working area (exceeding MPC, times)

5.2.3. Working conditions for workers in specialized medical (infectious diseases, tuberculosis, etc.), veterinary institutions and departments, specialized farms for sick animals include:

Class 4 hazardous (extreme) conditions, if workers work with pathogens (or have contact with patients) of especially dangerous infectious diseases;

Class 3.3 includes working conditions for workers who have contact with pathogens of other infectious diseases, as well as workers in pathology departments, autopsy rooms, and morgues.

Class 3.2 - working conditions for workers in leather and meat industry enterprises; workers involved in the repair and maintenance of sewer networks.

Table 3 - Classes of working conditions depending on the content of APFD in the air of the working area, dusts containing natural and artificial fibers and dust loads on the respiratory system (multiplicity of excess of MPC and CPP)

Table 4 - Classes of working conditions depending on noise levels, local, general vibration, infra- and ultrasound in the workplace

Name	Class of working conditions
factor, indicator, unit	Acceptable	Harmful	Dangerous
measurements	2.0	3.1	3.2	3.3	3.4	4.0
Exceeding the maximum limit up to...dB/times (inclusive)
Noise, equivalent sound level, dBA	<=ПДУ (1)					>35
Local vibration, equivalently - adjusted level Vibration velocity = Vibration acceleration = (dB/time)	<=ПДУ (2)	=3 =1,4	=6 =2	=9 =2,8	=12 =4	> 12 > 4
General vibration, equivalent - adjusted level Vibration velocity = Vibration acceleration = (dB/time)	<=ПДУ (2)	=6 =12	=12 =4	=18 =6	=24 =8	>24 >8
Infrasound, overall sound pressure level, dB/Lin	<=ПДУ (3)					>20
Airborne ultrasound, sound pressure levels in 1/3 octave frequency bands, dB	<=ПДУ (4)					>40
Ultrasound	<=ПДУ (4)					>20

Not every employee will be able to competently assess the conditions of their work. This article will tell you everything about the environments that representatives of a wide variety of professions have to face.

What is a production characteristic?

In various cases of need, the administration is obliged to issue the employee an official document called This document can be presented in different forms and types, because everything will depend on the purposes for which it is needed.

Of course, all kinds of production characteristics will be very difficult to calculate. However, it is worth highlighting the three most common types of this document. These include:

Production characteristics from the place of work. The certificate is written in any form; The main condition here is a description of the employee’s professional, social or official activities, as well as an assessment of personal and business qualities.

Production characteristics of working conditions for a student undergoing practical training at the enterprise. This form of document is not so common, but it also occurs. In this case, the certificate is prepared in free form. It is provided by the practice manager or a representative of the organizational personnel service.

Production characteristics of the employee’s working conditions, necessary for him to pass the MSE (medical social examination). This form of document is one of the most famous and widespread. It is compiled during a full medical examination of the patient. The degree of loss (partial or complete) of the employee’s ability to work is established, and the group of his disability is determined. All this is necessary, of course, for the results of the examination to determine the compliance of working conditions with the health of the employee. The document itself is issued by the employer, previously prepared in full accordance with hygienic characteristics. The certificate must also include characteristics of labor productivity, all employee production standards, etc. If the company has a medical center, then a doctor must fill out the characteristics. However, certification of the document with the signature of the manager or head of the personnel department will remain mandatory.

About harmful working conditions

Many people know that current legislation is required to provide individuals who work in areas with hazardous labor conditions with certain guarantees and benefits. What are these guarantees and what form do they take? The answer to this question is very complex and difficult. After all, there are many classifications that determine the standards for providing benefits to employees. Therefore, it is worth turning to another, more important question: what kind of work environment is considered harmful and unsafe for the health of workers?

Long-term characterization of the working conditions of representatives of various professions made it possible to identify the following main factors that constitute harmful occupational conditions:

• Measures of tension in working conditions. This includes long work without a break, very monotonous, often involving the emotional and intellectual spheres.
• Measures of the severity of working conditions. These are constant dynamic and static loads associated, as a rule, with physical labor. This also includes minor irritating factors such as an uncomfortable posture when doing work, a large number of repetitions of certain actions, etc.
• Chemical criteria. Considered if the work involves exposure to various hazardous substances (acids, alkalis, reagents, etc.) on the human body. Dust or gas contamination, heavy stuffy air - all this is also related to the criteria under consideration.
• General physical criteria. Perhaps the most common group of factors; all because this includes abnormal temperatures, high humidity, various types of radiation - ionizing or non-ionizing, air speed rates, vibrations and noises, insufficient lighting and much more. Workers with harmful hazardous working conditions in most cases fall into this category. The majority of enterprises in many countries of the world also fit exactly this group of criteria.
• Biological factors. This is a very highly specialized group, suitable only for those enterprises where there are biological organisms of varying degrees of danger. These organisms are, of course, divided into two groups: microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses and spirochetes) and macroorganisms (animals and plants).

One more question remains unanswered: how can one determine whether a particular type of work is harmful? There is a special government decree of the Russian Federation No. 870. All official information about the type of professions should be taken from there. However, this document, unfortunately, will not be understandable to the majority of the population, because it is a framework document. There are also orders from the Ministry of Health and Social Development, but most of them are based on old Soviet regulations, which contained entire lists of organizations, workshops and positions that could be considered unsafe for health. What are these lists? This will be discussed further.

List of professions with hazardous working conditions

The full list of jobs containing dangerous and unsafe working conditions is regulated in Government Decree No. 665. This document contains the entire list of beneficiaries who have to work in dangerous, difficult or harmful conditions.

Below, however, will be an abbreviated list of those categories of citizens who are involved in unsafe professions. As of 2016, these include:

• mining workers;
• metallurgists extracting non-ferrous and ferrous metals;
• workers producing generator gases;
• workers working at chemical companies;
• persons who work with gunpowder, ammunition, various explosives, etc.
• employees of oil and gas organizations, as well as organizations producing coal, shale materials, gas condensate, etc.
• persons associated with metalworking;
• workers in one way or another connected with radio engineering and electronics;
• workers of electrical engineering enterprises;
• employees of enterprises producing building materials;
• workers of glass and porcelain factories;
• persons engaged in the production of fiber, paper, cellulose;
• workers producing medicines and various medical products;
• workers of transport services and organizations;
• persons associated with nuclear energy and the nuclear industry.

Builders, welders, agricultural workers, mechanics, stokers and many other persons who are in one way or another involved in areas involving physical labor - all of them also belong to preferential categories and are included in the list of professions from labor.

Procedure for assessing working conditions

In 2013, Federal Law No. 426 was put into circulation. It was decided to carry out a special procedure called “Assessment of working conditions in the workplace.” The head of this or that organization, who previously only carried out certification of existing jobs, after the Federal Law came into force, had to begin to periodically carry out the operation in question.

A sample description of working conditions for VTEK is presented below.

So, what is a special assessment of working conditions in the workplace and why is it necessary? This assessment is a unique set of certain operations, a specific characteristic of working conditions, aimed at:

• to detect unsafe factors in production and in the labor process;
• to assess the level of influence of these factors on workers.

Upon completion of this assessment you will:

• provide all workers with protective equipment (both collective and individual);
• establish all necessary guarantees and benefits for workers;
• conduct medical examinations (preliminary and periodic);
• establish additional tariffs for contributions to the Russian Pension Funds;
• calculate the discount for “injuries”;
• prepare reports in the form of statistics on working conditions.

Who are all the above activities aimed at? An assessment of working conditions at workplaces should be carried out in relation to all working individuals, with the exception of homeworkers and remote workers. There is also no assessment of persons who have entered into an employment relationship with an employer - an individual who is not an individual entrepreneur.

How exactly working conditions should be assessed has been written in many publications and articles. However, the most accurate source remains, of course, Federal Law No. 426. It is worth paying attention to another important question: at what time should the set of measures under consideration be carried out?

When is a working conditions assessment carried out?

An assessment of working conditions must be carried out at least once every five years. The presented set of measures is carried out, of course, without fail - regardless of whether any harmful conditions were previously discovered or not. There are also a number of factors that contribute to the implementation of unscheduled inspections of working conditions. Here are some situations that may prompt an off-plan review:

• newly organized workplaces are put into operation;
• the head of the organization receives a “message” from the state labor inspector about an unscheduled inspection;
• the composition of the raw materials or materials used changes (but only if such materials can negatively affect the employees of the enterprise);
• the technological process itself changes, production equipment is replaced (again, only if such equipment is unsafe);
• collective or individual protective equipment is replaced or modernized;
• an emergency or accident occurs at work;
• putting forward a proposal for an unscheduled inspection of the enterprise from a trade union or other representative body.

So, general characteristics of working conditions and assessment of working conditions can occur much more often than once every five years. According to statistics, most enterprises face unscheduled inspections quite often. That is why the management of a particular enterprise needs to be extremely attentive and careful. Taking proper care of your employees will help you develop your production qualitatively and get rid of too frequent and therefore intrusive checks.

4th and 3rd classes of working conditions

The assessment of working conditions ends with the establishment of certain classes and subclasses in the workplace. This event is held in order to determine additional tariffs for the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, their sizes and ratios.

So, what classes of working conditions are there? It all depends on the level of harmfulness; So, there are four levels:

• Level 4 - dangerous;
• Level 3 - harmful;
• Level 2 - acceptable;
• Level 1 is optimal.

What constitutes a dangerous class of work? If we try to briefly characterize this group of professions, we can say that the worker is exposed to a dangerous and harmful production environment, one way or another capable of threatening the life and health of the worker. There is a high risk

The third class, called harmful, can be installed in production only if workers are influenced by unsafe factors that also exceed established standards. This group of working conditions is divided into the following subclasses:

3.1. This subclass is characterized as a set of working conditions under which the worker’s body requires a slightly longer recovery time. Work shifts and days off must be calculated.

3.2. This subclass is characterized by the occurrence of minor illnesses in an employee due to their profession.

3.3. It is characterized by the occurrence of moderate diseases in the worker.

3.4. It is characterized by the occurrence of severe and acute illnesses in workers.

2nd and 1st classes of working conditions

The second group is working conditions considered acceptable. This includes unsafe factors in production, which nevertheless do not exceed established hygienic and sanitary standards. Of course, the various established types and characteristics of working conditions dictate that workers classified in the second class may still have a slight risk of getting sick due to a less than ideal working environment. However, according to documents, the body of such workers is able to fully recover by the next work shift. In addition, harmful factors will not have a negative impact on a person in the long or short term.

The last group is working conditions that are optimal. They are installed only when there are no dangerous or harmful factors at work, and there is a favorable microclimate that promotes balanced physical and mental stress. Overloads for workers of the first group are not allowed.

Thus, the classes of working conditions presented above are spelled out quite clearly and simply. Determining which particular group a particular profession belongs to will not be so difficult.

On sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions

In 2008, on May 31, a federal order was issued. service for human well-being and consumer rights protection under number 103. It was this document that approved the instructions for carrying out activities related to the hygienic and sanitary assessment of working conditions. In order to better understand how exactly the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions should be carried out, it is worth “walking through” the order itself. So, in order to draw up the characteristics of the work under consideration, which is carried out by a worker with diseases that arose during professional activities, it is necessary to follow the following recommendations:

How do you fill out the characteristics of working conditions?

Unfortunately, not all persons managing a particular organization know how to correctly compose and formalize a professional description. That is why it is worth considering a rather important and pressing question: how to correctly fill out the characteristics of the working conditions of an employee sent for examination?

Which form should I take? In most cases, the characteristic in question is written on a blank form, although this is not a mandatory condition. At the top of the sheet, the worker’s full name, date of birth, as well as address, telephone number and, if available, place of study are indicated.

Afterwards, a short description of the worker’s previous activities is compiled. It is necessary to describe the past work of a professional person, his awards and achievements, professional injuries received, etc. This is a mandatory item if a description of the working conditions of VTEK is compiled.

A sample description of working conditions for ITU can be seen in the photo below.

Next, you need to describe the person’s current place of work. This is done in as much detail as possible. The operating mode, loads, rest or lunch breaks, temperature and pressure in the premises and much more are indicated. However, you should not attribute all harmful ones here, otherwise confusion may arise. This should be done in a separate paragraph (or chapter). To do this, you will have to indicate the exact level of noise, vibration, hazardous substances in the air, etc. All data on the employee’s business trips (if any) should also be written here. In the “Conclusion” you can write about the possibility of transferring to an easier and less dangerous job.

The created document is signed by the head of the HR department, the head of the legal department, the chief physician and the head of the enterprise. There must, of course, be a seal.

On the characteristics of working conditions in an employment contract

As you know, when hiring a person applying for a job to a vacant position, the latter’s employment contract must fill in the “Working conditions” column. It would seem that there are no problems. However, many enterprises are often subject to numerous unscheduled inspections, and therefore there is no special assessment of working conditions. What to do in such a situation? Refuse to hire someone in principle until a response has been received to the submitted application for a special assessment? This is unlikely to be the right solution.

Of course, it is still worthwhile to continue to hire different people. However, there is a small nuance. Thus, it would be extremely undesirable for the employer to include any guarantees and compensation for harm in the employment contract. It is best to do this later, when the testing and evaluation are completed. Such actions are legally justified and legal.

It should also be noted that you should not delay the assessment of working conditions. The characteristics of working conditions in the employment contract should be drawn up as soon as possible.

Sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions of the workplace

Description of working conditions in the working area of ​​the design engineer: room area approximately 40 m2, room volume approximately 128 m3; The area of ​​my workplace is 6 m2, it has natural and artificial lighting, the illumination of the working surface is 330 lux. The height of the working surface of the table is 750mm, the space of the working table for the legs is 640mm high, the depth at the knee level is 500mm, at the level of the outstretched legs is 700mm. The work chair is lift-swivel and adjustable in height and angles of inclination of the seat and back. The keyboard is located on the table surface at a distance of 100mm from the edge. The monitor screen is located at a distance of 600 mm from the eyes, the eye level with a vertically positioned screen is at the center. The work schedule is not violated, complying with the requirements of the safety instructions. Working hours: five-day work week, working day from 8-00 to 16-30.

At my workplace, harmful substances do not exceed the maximum permissible concentration and the microclimate parameters correspond to the maximum permissible limit.

Use of personal computers and duplicating equipment

In the design department sector there are 4 PCs and 1 printer. The room is equipped with protective grounding in accordance with the technical requirements for the operation of the PC. The PC is located in accordance with SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 “Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and organization of work.” Safe work with duplicating equipment is organized in accordance with SanPiN 2.2.2.1332-03 “Hygienic requirements for organizing work on copying and duplicating equipment.” The illumination of the copier service area is 330 lux.