Large product flows make product concentration necessary. To this end, specialized infrastructure elements are being built, from which the supply of industrial enterprises with raw materials and components, and the final consumer - with finished goods. Such storage places are called warehouses in the broad sense of the word, and, depending on the specifics, bases, terminals or storages.

The need for warehouse arises at all enterprises engaged in the production of any products, trade structures and companies that require supplies to render services. The more developed is the structure of the company, the more important is the warehouse in the overall economic complex.

A modern warehouse is a rather complex object, both from the technical side and from the managerial one. There is a need for storage at all stages of production, from the place of extraction of raw materials to the sale of goods. Therefore, there are a large number of different warehouses that need classification. To understand the principles of classification, it is necessary to know the basic principles of the warehouse.

Warehouse structure and equipment used

Warehouse is not just a room where various goods are located. He has a certain internal structure, which can be quite developed. The warehouse consists of several zones that differ in purpose and equipment used.

The following main zones are distinguished:

• Loading and unloading area. It can be whole or divided into two separate. In this zone are located sites that are in direct contact with transport. Site requirements vary depending on the vehicles served.
• Acceptance area. This area is usually separated from the rest of the premises. It carries out the reception of goods and their further direction to the storage location. As a rule, this zone has high automation.
• Storage area. She is occupied by equipment designed for storage of goods.
• Sort area Provides acceptance of applications for the transportation of goods and their movement from storage to the loading area.
• Forwarding area. The accounting of consignments is carried out, accompanying documentation is compiled.
• Administrative and household premises.

A variety of equipment is used for storage and transportation of goods. In warehouses with small loads, hand-held devices are widely used, heavy and oversized items are moved by cranes and loaders.

Warehouse selection

Modern markets are quite volatile, and companies often need to look for new premises for warehouses to achieve the most efficient work. In this situation, the choice of warehouse is the task of specific employees. To find the desired object, it is necessary to form reasonable and clear requirements.

To do this, determine the needs of the company, otherwise there will be an inefficient expenditure of funds. Excess warehouse space will require more payment, and productivity will remain at the same level. If, in addition, the technology of cargo handling is irrational, then the picture will become even worse.

When choosing a warehouse should be guided by clear requirements for its following characteristics:

• The total area and volume of the building;
• Area and height of zones;
• The number of gates or docks, their location and equipment;
• Dimensions of the platform for maneuvering vehicles.

The main task is the choice of warehouse sizes so that, taking into account the predicted changes in cargo flows, the object, its areas and volumes, are used with the greatest efficiency. To evaluate each technological solution in the warehouse sector, specialized standard ratios have been introduced. Correspondence of real indicators to recommended ratios shows that the warehouse will function correctly. Deviation from the established norms leads to a decrease in capacity and a loss in the overall efficiency of the warehouse.

Before choosing a warehouse, you should make sure that there are requirements for the premises, their precise wording, correctness and validity. The best case is when the company has specialists who have the appropriate education and experience, which allows them to make calculations and justify them. Such work is highly specialized and requires a certain qualification, therefore such specialists are available only in the largest companies.

Most companies do not have such employees on staff, therefore, the best way out for them is to attract companies specializing in the implementation of these design and calculation works. The cost of attracting competent specialists will be much less than the losses that can occur from mistakes with the choice of a warehouse, its planning and equipment.

Warehouse Classification

For a simpler choice of warehouse, you should divide the buildings into different types depending on certain characteristics. We can distinguish the following criteria for choosing a warehouse:

• Relation to logistics areas;
• Relation to other participants in the logistics system;
• Type of ownership;
• Affiliation;
• Functional purpose;
• Assortment specialization;
• Storage mode;
• Technological equipment;
• Type of storage buildings;
• Type of storage;
• The presence of transport links and their type;
• The scale of the activity.

Warehouses with a large area - from 5 thousand m 2 are often called terminals.

There are specialized customs warehouses that store goods imported into the Russian Federation or exported from the country. Storage in these warehouses is carried out in accordance with the Customs Code of the Russian Federation. Temporary storage warehouses are distinguished from customs warehouses, where there are items subject to both export and import, from the provision of them to the customs authority until release into free circulation. When goods are stored in a customs warehouse, they are not charged duties and taxes, and economic policy measures are not applied.

Methods for classifying storage facilities in the Russian Federation

Many companies with experience in logistics and valuation of commercial real estate have their own systems for classifying warehouses. Of interest is the system of the St. Petersburg group of companies "RMS" and the London-based firm Knight Frank, a leading global company in the assessment of all kinds of real estate. In many ways, these classification systems are similar.

The first classification was developed in the Russian Federation, therefore, it takes into account the features of the central regions of Russia and the basic requirements that tenants and buyers pay attention to first of all. According to this classification, storage facilities are divided into 4 categories, which are indicated in capital Latin letters.

Class A warehouses

Class A warehouse is a modern one-story building, the construction of which was carried out in compliance with the prescribed technologies and using high quality materials. Such requirements are imposed on him:

• Height not less than 8 m, so that multi-level racks can be placed;
• Floor with a flat surface, without defects and with an antifriction coating;
• Fire alarm and automated fire extinguishing system of sprinkler or powder type;
• The ability to clearly control the temperature;
• The presence of thermal curtains at the gate;
•   equipped with a hydraulic ramp with height adjustment;
• Central air conditioning;
• Security alarm and video surveillance of the entire area and the surrounding space; ()
• Office premises combined with a warehouse;
• The presence of telecommunication lines of fiber-optic type;
• Adequate platform so that heavy-duty road trains can freely maneuver and stand in a sludge;
• Convenient access, preferably located next to central highways.

Grade B:

• capital multi-storey building;
• ceiling height from 4.5 to 8 m;
• uncoated asphalt or concrete floors;
• temperature conditions ranging from +10 to +18 ° С;
• fire system;
• ramp for unloading;
• the availability of office space;
• telecommunications;
• guarded territory.

Grade C:

• capital industrial premises or insulated hangar;
• height from 3.5 to 18 m;
• heated room (winter temperature +8: +14 ° С).
• uncoated asphalt, tile or concrete floors;
• gates at the zero mark (transport enters the room).

Class D:

Thus, the requirements for this class of warehouses are very stringent. Not all buildings satisfy them. The most lenient requirements for class D warehouses. These include the following areas used for warehouses:

• Basement
• Objects of civil defense;
• Unheated industrial buildings;
• Hangars.

The rest of the warehouse, depending on their design features, fall into classes B and C. The warehouse class has a major impact on its purchase or rental costs.

Western Warehouse Classification

The British company developed Knight Frank's own system, which determines the types of warehouses and their classification. This system is based on international experience and is to some extent adapted for work in the Russian Federation. The classification of this company is accepted by the majority of large firms working in the field of commercial real estate valuation. Now it is being introduced on the Russian market.

Automated Warehouse Systems

The dynamically developing warehouse real estate market requires participants to classify existing and still under construction objects according to common criteria. In the Russian commercial and residential real estate market, most large companies have adopted objective methods of classifying these buildings. The next step is the classification of industrial facilities, and the development of such significant companies as Knight Frank can become its basis.

The introduction of a unified classification for a certain segment of commercial real estate aims to facilitate operations with real estate. In Western countries, the basic system is used, on the basis of which the classification and purpose of warehouses in logistics is determined. This organizes a significant range of products for which warehouses are used. The main criterion in this classification is whether the warehouse has the conditions necessary for storing a specific class of product. Therefore, in the designation of the category of the warehouse, its main feature is first indicated, for example, a refrigeration terminal or a warehouse with humidity control.

Warehouses are assigned one of six classes, ranging from the highest A + to the lowest D. Class C + and D + are not provided for in this scale. The division into 6 classes allows you to more accurately determine the level of equipment and the effectiveness of the building. In general, stricter requirements are imposed on class A + and A warehouses than on a similar class according to the classification of RMS.

Class A + Warehouse

The biggest difference in height: class A + is assigned to buildings with a ceiling height of 13 m, and class A - 10 m. There are also differences in the following parameters:

• Column pitch and span;
• Built-up area;
• The presence of electrical substation and thermal unit;
• The number of gates and their equipment;
• The presence of an automated goods accounting system that controls the level of employee access;
• The presence of parking for cars;
• The presence of fences and round the clock security;
• Landscaping;
• Own railway line;
• Experienced developer.

According to these requirements, it is clear that most of the warehouses that are class A in the RMS classification will receive classes B + or B according to the Knight Frank system. Nevertheless, assessing a warehouse using a class is rather rough, and to calculate the real cost of rent the acquisition of a warehouse takes into account a large number of significant parameters.

The main functions and tasks of warehouses in the logistics system

There are two approaches to the definition of the term “warehouse”.

Firstly, a warehouse refers to a complex technical structure, which consists of many interconnected elements having a certain structure and combined to perform specific functions of accumulating and transforming material flow.

Secondly, the warehouse is an effective means of inventory management in various parts of the logistics chain and the management of material flow in general.

When analyzing the role and location of warehouses, it is advisable to consider them at different levels of the hierarchy - national, regional, local and industrial.

At the general state level, the problems of creating a warehouse system are largely not technical, but economic, strategic and social aspects. They are associated with the creation of common structures for the system of material and technical supply of industrial and agricultural production with industrial products, a unified transport system of the country, etc. The national transport and storage infrastructure is an extensive system connecting regional infrastructures of large economic regions, which include the corresponding infrastructure of industrial units and enterprises. (1, p. 9)

At the regional level, the value of warehouses is great in connection with the development and creation of new territorial production complexes, in which it is advisable to create large combined warehouse bases for types of industrial products (for supplying industrial units and manufacturing enterprises) and for types of consumer goods (for supply of the population). (1, p. 12)

At the local level of the warehouse infrastructure, the location and operation of warehouses significantly affects the freight flows and transport of industrial areas and nodes, and the overall efficiency of industrial enterprises and transport.

An important role is played by warehouses at industrial enterprises (production level). They affect the general rhythm and organization of the basic processes of production at enterprises, the placement and operation of internal and external transport, the cost of industrial products and other indicators of production efficiency and enterprise activities (3, p. 10)

The main reasons for using warehouses in the logistics system:

1) reduction of logistics costs during transportation due to the organization of transportation in economical parties;

2) coordination and equalization of supply and demand in supply and distribution by creating insurance and seasonal stocks;

3) ensuring an uninterrupted production process by creating inventories of material and technical resources;

4) ensuring maximum satisfaction of consumer demand through the formation of a range of products;

5) creating conditions for maintaining an active marketing strategy;

6) an increase in the geographical coverage of markets;

7) providing a flexible service policy.

Key warehouse features

The main functions of the warehouse include (6, p. 38):

1) cargo consolidation. In order to reduce transport costs and prevent traffic congestion on the unloading area of \u200b\u200bthe consumer, the warehouse can carry out the function of consolidating goods into a larger mixed consignment to be sent to a certain sales area;

2) disaggregation of goods. The warehouse receives goods from manufacturers, intended for several customers, sorts them into smaller batches in accordance with orders and sends (delivers) to each consumer;

3) concentration and storage of stocks. Ensuring the concentration and storage of reserves allows for continuous production or supply under conditions of restrictions associated with sources of resources and fluctuations in consumer demand;

4) assortment management. The formation of the product range in anticipation of customer orders leads to the efficient execution of orders and the implementation of more frequent deliveries in the amount required by the client;

5) the complete set of the consignment. If enterprises are geographically dispersed, then re-sorting and transit picking of goods is conveniently carried out in an intermediate warehouse.

6) smoothing the asynchrony of the production process. To achieve consistency between the individual operations of the production process, a stock of material and technical resources is formed in the warehouse;

7) the provision of services. There are four main groups of services provided by the warehouse: material services (delivery, labeling, packaging, packaging, etc.); organizational and commercial (conclusion of contracts with transport agencies, preparation and delivery, shipping documents, credit reporting, etc.); warehouse (reception for temporary storage of material assets, sorting; leasing of warehouse space, etc.); transport and operational (forwarding services with unloading).

Classification of warehouses in logistics

Storage system.

Warehousing is a logistic operation consisting in the maintenance of stocks by the participants of the logistic channel and ensuring the safety of stocks, their rational allocation, accounting, constant updating and safe working methods. (6, p. 49)

Warehousing covers many different components of the logistics system and for this reason does not fall under strict classification schemes applicable to activities such as order processing, inventory management or transportation. Typically, the warehouse is considered as a place of storage of stocks. But in many logistics systems, its role is not so much in storage as in distribution of products, thereby ensuring damping (smoothing) of inconsistencies at various joints between the pace and nature of the receipt of these products, on the one hand, and consumption, on the other. In warehouses, loading and unloading, sorting, picking and some specific technological operations are also carried out.

The main tasks of warehousing logistics include:

Placement of a warehouse network;

Warehousing and preparation of cargo for deliveries (production and other services),

Inventory management;

Organization of warehouse supplies.

A warehousing system is in a certain way an organized set of interconnected elements that ensures the optimal placement of material flow in a warehouse and its rational management.

The structure of the storage system is formed by technical, economic, functional and supporting subsystems. (5, p. 19)

The technical and economic subsystem consists of a set of elements characterizing the technical and technological parameters of the warehouse and equipment, types of carriers. Among them are distinguished:

1) stored freight units - cargo arranged and formed on external carriers, such as flat, box, rack, net pallets and semi-pallets, cassettes, etc .;

2) buildings and structures that are designed for storage and vary in design and number of storeys (closed, half-closed platforms, open areas, multi-storey, single-storey buildings up to 6 m high, high-rise, high-rise racks, with a difference in height, etc.);

3) hoisting-and-transport equipment - technical means intended for moving cargo in the warehouse.

Elements of the functional subsystem determine the process of cargo handling in the warehouse. These include:

a) type of warehousing - the unity of technological equipment intended for warehousing of goods with the method of placement of goods in the warehouse and their storage;

b) commissioning system - a set of operations for the preparation, selection and packaging of goods and their delivery in accordance with the requirements of the client;

c) management of the movement of goods, due to the capabilities of technological and service equipment.

Elements of the supporting subsystem provide information and computer support, legal, organizational, economic, environmental and ergonomic support for the effective functioning of the warehouse network.

The structure of the storage system is designed taking into account the location of the warehouse in the logistics system, the goals and objectives of its creation, the nomenclature of the processed material flow. The organization of relations between the elements of each subsystem should ensure comprehensive integration of all elements of the storage system, their prompt and reliable interaction. (5, p. 41)

Any process of managing a warehouse regardless of its design features and the level of mechanization and automation can be divided into three groups:

1. Management of receipt and placement of cargo units.

2. Management of intra-warehouse operations.

3. Sales and shipping management.

Effective management of warehousing operations can be carried out only with an appropriate level of information support for all stages and types of these operations. Information support of warehousing operations can be performed by traditional methods using various structures and forms of document management, conducted to one degree or another manually. Currently, on an increasingly large scale, various computerized systems for information support of the functioning of modern warehouses are used. This requires appropriate hardware and software.

From the point of view of the management structure, the main determining factors are the level of hierarchy of the storage system, the degree of its decentralization and architecture. Here, architecture is understood as the structure of a controlled system. (6, p. 54)

From the point of view of architecture, the simplest is the structure, which is a collection of unrelated homogeneous structural elements (SC). Such a structure is capable of solving only relatively simple tasks that do not require mutual coordination.

The next step is the specialization of SE. At the same time, a special element is provided among the SCs, which acts as a coordinator. This element, along with one or another volume of its own tasks assigned to it, fulfills the tasks of ensuring the coordinated functioning of the remaining solar cells. Further complicating the task and increasing the requirements for efficiency leads to a deepening of the specialization of solar cells, an increase in their number and the development of relationships between them. If the control tasks of a complex facility are too complex and require appropriate separation, then a multi-level control system is used. (4, p. 63)

Currently, the following types of computerized warehouse management structures are known: linear, linearly-centralized, radial, network.

The following points should be made about devices called low-level controllers. In a general sense, it is a combination of technical means, to one degree or another computerized, that provide direct interaction with a controlled object, whether it is equipment or personnel. In many cases, the lower-level control equipment is a special commercially available control device, which in the domestic literature is called programmable logic controllers (PLC), and in the English literature it is called PLC (Programmable Logical Controller) type devices.

The essence of such devices lies in the fact that they mainly use the architecture of a universal computer, but are available in a protected version intended for use in a production environment and are equipped with the necessary devices for interacting with control objects and conducting an interactive dialogue with personnel. Being universal, devices of this kind acquire the ability to control a specific object after the program for managing this object is entered into their memory by the user. Programmable command devices are constructed in such a way that for the compilation and entry of such a control program the user does not need special training in the field of computer technology and programming. It is enough to know the controlled devices and the procedures for their functioning.

Information exchange between the levels of the warehouse management system, as well as with the superior computers of the integrated management system, is carried out in accordance with the accepted exchange protocols. In general, a variety of warehousing enterprises, included in the sequence of supply chain activities, form a supply chain.

30. Abc  -analysis

ABC analysis is one of the methods of rationalization that can be used in all functional areas of the enterprise. ABC analysis allows you to:

highlight the most significant areas of activity;

to direct business activity into the sphere of increased economic importance and at the same time reduce costs in other areas by eliminating unnecessary functions and types of work;

to increase the effectiveness of organizational and managerial decisions due to their target orientation.

With a differentiated approach to organizing procurement and inventory management, ABC analysis allows you to achieve a significant reduction in costs.

Depending on costs, inventories are divided into three classes: A, B and C.

ABC analysis shows the significance of each group of materials and helps to draw attention to the main ones.

Class A materials are not numerous, but the most important materials, which account for most of the cash (about 75%) invested in stocks.

Class B materials - are of secondary importance and require less attention than class A materials. Approximately 20% of money is associated with the acquisition of class B materials.

Class C materials make up a significant part of the range of materials used, but are inexpensive, they account for the smallest part of investments in stocks - 5%.

For ABC analysis it is necessary (technique Abc -analysis):

set the cost of each item of material (supplier’s prices are accepted for purchased parts);

arrange materials as costs decrease;

summarize data on the quantity and costs of materials and apply them to the scheme;

to break up materials into groups depending on their share in total costs. Since 75% of costs are accounted for 10-15% of all materials, the most careful control is carried out in relation to this particular group.

32. XYZ analysis

XYZ analysis allows the classification of company resources depending on the nature of their consumption and the accuracy of forecasting changes in their needs over a specific time cycle.

Stages: 1. Determination of variation coefficients for the analyzed resources; 2. Grouping of resources in accordance with an increase in the coefficient of variation; 3. Distribution into categories X, Y, Z. 4. Graphical presentation of the analysis results.

Category X  - resources are characterized by a stable value of consumption, slight fluctuations in their consumption and high accuracy of the forecast. The coefficient of variation is in the range from 0 to 10%.

Category Y  - resources are characterized by well-known trends in determining the need for them (for example, seasonal fluctuations) and average forecasting capabilities. The coefficient of variation is from 10 to 25%.

The actual value of the coefficient of variation for different groups may differ for the following reasons:

seasonality of sales

• deficit, etc.

The coefficient of variation is the ratio of the standard deviation to the arithmetic mean of the measured values \u200b\u200bof the resource.

It is calculated by the formula:

20. Types, classification and purpose of warehouses; the role of warehouses in logistics.

Warehouse   - These are buildings, structures and various devices equipped with special technological equipment for the entire range of operations for the acceptance, storage, placement and distribution of goods received on them.

The main purpose of the warehouse   - concentration of stocks, their storage and ensuring uninterrupted and rhythmic supply of customer orders.

A warehouse or a set of warehouses together with the serving infrastructure forms a warehouse. The main tasks of the warehouse facilities at the industrial enterprise are to organize the normal nutrition of the production with the corresponding material resources, to ensure their safety and to minimize the costs associated with the implementation of warehouse operations.

Warehouse Classification:

Depending on the place in the supply chain and the role in the product distribution process, they are divided into the following groups:

Warehouses of manufacturing enterprises  (in the field of supply) specialize in the storage of raw materials, components, and other industrial products and supply primarily producing consumers.

Warehouses of consumers  (in the field of production) are intended to ensure the continuity of technological processes. In these warehouses are stored stocks of work in progress, such as appliances, tools, spare parts, etc.

Warehouses of sales organizations  (in the sphere of distribution) serve to maintain the continuity of the movement of goods from the sphere of production to the sphere of consumption. Their main purpose is to transform the production range into a commercial one and in uninterrupted supply of various consumers, including a retail network.

Intermediary warehouses  (primarily transport) of organizations  intended for temporary storage associated with the expedition of material values. These include: warehouses of railway stations; freight terminals of vehicles, sea and river ports; air transport terminals.

By functional purpose, all warehouses are divided into five varieties:

transshipment warehouses  (turnover) of goods in transport hubs when performing mixed, combined and other transportations;

storage warehousesensuring the concentration of the necessary materials and their storage for the appropriate functioning of the production;

commissioning warehousesdesigned to form orders in accordance with the specific requirements of customers;

storage warehousesensuring safety and protection of stored products;

special warehouses  (for example, customs warehouses, warehouses for the temporary storage of materials, containers, returnable waste, etc.).

According to the design characteristics, warehouses are divided into:

closed,

half closed  (having only a roof or roof and one, two or three walls),

open areas.

Depending on the specifics and nomenclature of stored materials, warehouses are divided into universal  and specialized. Universal warehouses store material resources of a wide range. Specialized warehouses are intended for the storage of homogeneous materials (for example, a warehouse of cast iron, paints and varnishes, etc.).

Distinguish between warehouses and the degree of mechanization of warehouse operations:

non-mechanized,

mechanized,

automated,

automatic.

7. 3. Types, functions and classification of warehouses. Logistic process in stock

Warehouses are one of the most important elements of logistics systems. The need for specially equipped places for the maintenance of reserves exists at all stages of the movement of material flow. This explains the large number of different types of warehouses. Warehouses vary:

In size - from small rooms to giant warehouses (an area of \u200b\u200bseveral hundred thousand square meters);

The height of cargo storage (there are warehouses in which special devices are able to lift and put the goods in a cell at a height of more than 24 m);

Constructions - closed, placed in separate rooms; semi-closed, having only a roof and an incomplete number of walls; open, which are specially equipped sites;

The parameters of the content (storage), where a special mode of temperature and humidity is supported;

The degrees of mechanization of warehouse operations are non-mechanized, complex-mechanized, automated and automatic;

The presence of railways or water-station or port warehouses;

The breadth of the assortment of stored cargo is specialized, with a mixed or universal assortment;

The sign of the place is warehouses in the area of \u200b\u200bmovement of industrial and technical products and consumer goods.

In logistics processes, warehouses perform the following functions:

Temporary placement and storage of inventories;

Transformation of material flows;

Providing logistic services in the service system.

Any warehouse processes three material flows: input, output, internal.

When servicing the input stream, work is carried out on unloading vehicles, checking the quantity and quality of the arrived cargo. Outflow service includes loading vehicles. The internal flow moves inside the warehouse. Various warehouses encountered in the movement of the material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer perform various functions.

Warehouses of finished products of manufacturers carry out warehousing, storage, sorting or additional processing of products before shipping, marking, preparation for loading and loading operations.

Warehouses of raw materials and raw materials of consumer enterprises accept products, unload, sort, store and prepare them for production consumption.

Warehouses of wholesale and intermediary companies in the field of circulation of products for industrial purposes, in addition to the above, also perform the following functions:

Provide concentration of goods, retrofit products, their selection in the right assortment;

Organize the delivery of goods in small batches, both to consumer enterprises and to the warehouses of other wholesale intermediary firms;

Carry out the storage of reserve parties.

Warehouses located in the places of concentration of production (output wholesale bases) accept goods from production enterprises in large quantities, complete and send large quantities of goods to wholesale customers located in places of consumption.

Warehouses located in places of consumption (wholesale trading bases) receive goods of a production assortment and, forming a wide trading assortment, supply them to retail trade enterprises.

The variety of types of warehouses in the logistics system, the functions and tasks performed by them, the features of processed cargo, etc. require their systematization. The purpose of classifying warehouses in logistics is to identify certain signs of systematizing a warehouse facility as an element of the logistics system that affects the characteristics of the movement of material flow. Specialists classify warehouses in logistics according to the main features (table. 7.1).

The concept of logistics requires an integrated approach to managing the system of distribution channels through which goods are delivered to the company's warehouse, their internal processing and sale to the consumer.

Logistic process - a certain sequence of basic logistics operations and a set of actions ensuring their implementation with the aim of effective interaction of elements and optimization of the logistics system as a whole. The logistics process at the warehouse can be considered as the management of logistics operations related to cargo processing (operational management), and the coordination of related services, one way or another ensuring the effective functioning of the warehouse. This logistic process is not identified with purely physical cargo handling related to the field of technology.

The breadth of the logistics process is primarily due to the coordination of the delivery of goods, their inventory management and sales support. In this case, ordering in time of the entire cargo handling cycle should be observed to satisfy

the needs of the buyer with the necessary assortment in the required quantity, at the appointed time. The main logistics principles in relation to the processing of goods at the warehouse should be considered:

Planning - dividing the warehouse into main working areas and determining the sequence of passage of cargo through these areas;

Rationality - planning the movement of material flow while reducing the number of operations to the minimum necessary value and eliminating return freight flows;

A systematic approach - the development of the passage of goods through the warehouse should be coordinated with the features of incoming and outgoing flows, taking into account all their characteristics;

Efficiency of using warehouse capacities - storage of goods in a warehouse should ensure maximum use of the warehouse area and its height;

The optimal level of technical equipment - the choice of technical equipment should be dictated by the characteristics of the warehouse itself, cargo handled and economic feasibility;

Equipment universalization - the lifting and handling equipment (VET) used must perform various technological operations in order to reduce the VET fleet in the warehouse to a minimum, etc.

The functioning of all components of the logistics process should be considered in the relationship and interdependence. This approach allows you to clearly coordinate the activities of warehouse services, while acting as the basis for planning and monitoring the progress of cargo in the warehouse with minimal cost. The logistics process in the warehouse can be divided:

^ for operations related to the function of logistic coordination of procurement and sales;

^ for operations related to cargo handling and related workflow.

The coordination of the procurement service is carried out during the stocking operation and through control of the supply. The function of logistic coordination is the optimal combination of the intensity of incoming and outgoing warehouses of cargo flows oriented to customer demand, with maximum use of warehouse capacities and minimal logistics costs.