Scheme of product promotion on the market. Product Promotion

One of the conditions for creating a positive business image is knowledge of etiquette and the ability to behave in accordance with them.

Etiquette is a more or less ritualized form of meaningful communication, which makes it much easier and more comfortable.

Etiquette language regulates the hierarchy of age, political, official, gender differences of people, it stipulates the situation in advance and offers ready-made models of specific behavior.

Nowadays, etiquette has significantly democratized, but nevertheless retained the rules and symbols developed over centuries by what is called politeness, good manners, decency, good manners or good manners.

Etiquette includes a number of rules that form the basis of a code of conduct adopted worldwide for business communication. Let's consider these rules in more detail.

Greeting is the first sign of courtesy. Since ancient times, people have shown respect to each other through greetings.

The greeting should never be noisy or unrestrained. You need to say hello only to those to whom you are represented. But you can also greet those people with whom you often meet.

International etiquette of greetings, as a rule, is the same: in different forms, in different ways, wish each other good day, morning or evening, health, labor success, kindness and prosperity.

In greeting, try to express your goodwill and sympathy. Pronounce the words clearly, do not rush. Do not be too lazy to smile at the person you are addressing.

The basic rules for such greetings are that the man should be the first to say hello to the woman, the younger man to the older. You should not wait until you will be greeted. Be the first to take the initiative.

Incoming always greets first. Having come to visit, first of all they say hello to the mistress of the house, then to the owner, then to the others.

On the street or in the lobby, the overtaking person always greets first. The man first must bow to the woman passing by. A woman is the first to greet a man if she overtakes him. She is the first to welcome and in those cases when she passes by a standing group of people or joins this group.

The first to greet a woman walking in a group of men is a woman walking alone or with another woman.

If a man is alone, he greets first with a man who is in the company of a woman. Greeting the man, the man takes his hand out of his pocket and a cigarette from his mouth. The woman tilts her head slightly and answers the greeting with a smile; she may not take her hands out of the pockets of her coat or jacket.

In most countries of the world, including ours, it is customary to kiss the woman’s hand in greeting. This is usually done in especially solemn occasions as a sign of special respect for the woman. Usually a married woman is kissed on her hand, while she should not be raised too high, try to lean to the hand yourself.

When greeting, an expression of respect for a person is manifested through standing up. A man should always get up, unless it’s uncomfortable for purely “technical” reasons. In such situations, a man with a bow shakes his hand or, if this is not possible, simply greets with a bow.

Older men are also allowed to greet while sitting, but with a required bow, and with a woman - slightly rising.

Ladies have the right not to get up when they greet them.

But if an elderly man greets a young girl, she must get up.

After greeting, a man can sit down only when a lady sits or when she invites him to do so. In the same way, the younger should sit down after the senior, the subordinate - after the boss.

Having met your friend in a cafe or restaurant, greet her by standing up from a chair. If a lady has decided to approach you, rise to meet her.

A man should get up when a woman enters the room, to which he pays special attention (which enjoys his special respect).

Greet friends sitting at a table in a restaurant or cafe, you can only nod your head. Older women and women bow, a little rising from the chair. If you are in the company of a lady, then you do not need to step up.

Greeting is usually accompanied by gestures: a handshake, a raising of the hand, a nod of the head, a bow, sometimes a kiss on the woman’s hand.

A handshake is a traditional, symbolic gesture. The meaning of the ancient custom of giving the right hand for greeting is to show that there is no weapon in it. Now a handshake is an indispensable attribute of any meeting or farewell. It may be different in meaning 2.

The gesture, when the hand moves forward straight, and the hand serves as a continuation of the line of the hand (while the hands remain in the same position), indicates that there are equal people who experience a sense of respect and mutual understanding for each other.

The hand is served firmly and at the same time somehow affectionately gallantly. We feel that she is very suitable for ours. This is how a confident person who knows what he wants, but can adapt to us, gives his hand.

If the hand is served firmly, but there is something frozen in the handshake, and we have to adapt our hand, so as not to feel a piece of wood in our fingers, we are greeted by a tough person who knows what he wants, in critical situations it requires only adaptation from others.

When a partner gives his hand firmly, but there is something proprietary in the way he takes and holds ours, and we have to pull our hand slightly to free ourselves from the hold, we can assume that this person wants a lot and that into his hands, "will not let go.

With the help of various turns of the palm, you can give this gesture different meanings. When your hand grabs the other person’s hand so that it is turned down with its palm - this is an imperious handshake. It indicates that you want to dominate the communication process. In the event that you have a woman in front of you, who also puts her hand palm down, this, on the contrary, means waiting for support or is a provoking hint of a kiss on the hand and a kind of coquetry.

When you hold out your hand, turning it palm up, this is a humble handshake. It is necessary in situations where you need to give the initiative to another person or allow him to feel like a master of the situation.

Shaking with a straight, not bent hand, like an imperious handshake, is a sign of disrespect. Its main purpose is to

Shaking with your fingertips resembles shaking with a straight, not bent hand: instead of a hand, only fingers are in the palm of your hand. The purpose of the initiator of this handshake is to keep the communication partner at a convenient distance for himself. A softer version of such a handshake is that the partner submits a hand whose hand is tilted down from the line of the straight hand.

When shaking hands, attention should be paid to the position of the body of people who are greeting people. If a partner, holding out his hand to you, moves forward with the body - the ego indicates his interest in communicating with you, his disposition towards you. If, with a filed hand, his body remains straight and even leans back slightly, and his head is slightly raised (his chin is pulled up), then we can assume a somewhat arrogant attitude on his part.

Handshake with both hands (sometimes called the “glove”) is quite common. Its meaning is to demonstrate that its initiator is honest and can be trusted. With such a handshake, you take the partner’s hand with your right hand and additionally grab it with your left.

Another form of this gesture: shaking the partner’s hand with your right one, clap your left one as well. To convey overflow of feelings, the left hand is used, which is placed on top of the right hand. The degree of depth of feelings depends on where the hand is placed. If the hand is placed on the elbow of a partner, then it expresses more feelings than when grabbing the wrist. If the hand is placed on the shoulder, it means more feeling than when it is on the forearm.

Handshake using both hands is permissible only in relation to close friends and well-known people. This gesture should not be applied to customers and partners, because in such a meeting situation they feel extremely uncomfortable. However, many politicians persist in using it. To be convinced of this, it is enough to recall television coverage of meetings of politicians and leaders from our recent past, and indeed the present.

There are also several handshakes of informal communication. First of all, it is a gesture, when the hand moves sideways with a wide gesture. If he is characteristic of a given person, then this indicates his desire to impose himself or simply the rustic nature of his character. If such a gesture as a whole is not typical for a given person, then this is an indicator (sometimes demonstrative) of the proximity of the relationship.

Handshake

The gesture, when a quick mutual clap at the fingertips is made as a handshake, is usually used to commemorate the successful result of close mutual cooperation in an important matter for both partners. In some cases, such a “handshake” is in the nature of an established tradition. But most often it is a kind of game in youth groups.

To get more information about a person by shaking hands, one must also take into account its intensity and duration. Too short, sluggish shaking of very dry hands can indicate indifference. On the contrary, a long handshake and too wet hands indicate intense excitement. A slightly elongated handshake, along with a smile and a warm look, demonstrates friendliness. However, holding your partner’s hand in your hand is not worth it: he may have a feeling of irritation - as if he fell into a trap.

It should take into account the difference in views on handshakes among foreigners. For example, when meeting with business partners from Asia, do not squeeze their palm too long and hard. On the contrary, Western European and American counterparts cannot endure sluggish handshakes, because they really value athleticism and energy. They should shake hands energetically and strongly.

It is always recommended that men always greet each other by exchanging handshakes, women - by mutual agreement. When a man is introduced to a woman, the woman offers the hand first.

The same priority belongs to the older people, and the older ones in the hierarchy: the oldest woman holds out the first hand to the youngest, the woman holds out to the man, and the head holds out to the subordinate.

When shaking hands, you do not need to squeeze the hand of the welcomed person too tightly. This rule is especially necessary for men to remember when they shake hands with a woman. Give your hand a free and confident gesture. The handshake should be short.

Men greeting each other may not take off their gloves. But if one took off, the other should take off. A hand without a glove is served to those who want to pay special respect. Not to accept a hand extended for a handshake is a serious insult.

When meeting on the street, a woman, greeting, may not take off the glove (everyone removes the mittens), but the man must do this. If a woman still takes off her glove, this is a sign of special respect. For older women and men, this should be the norm.

Handshakes are not always required when acquaintances on the street or employees meet at the premises of an institution or enterprise. When a visitor enters the leader, it is enough to limit himself to a polite and correct greeting: “Good morning”, “Hello”, etc. n., while making a slight bow to the head and smile slightly.

The initiator of a handshake should almost always be a woman. But in some cases, the woman, as well as the man, are not the first to reach out to the face much older than themselves in age and higher in official position. There is a general rule: a senior initiates a handshake, a woman gives a hand to a man, a married woman - unmarried; a young man should not be in a hurry to shake hands with an older or married woman first. Shaking hands, men usually utter a short greeting: “My reverence ...”, “Glad to meet you (see you)”, “Good afternoon ...” Welcoming a man, according to the rules of politeness, you should ask: “How is your spouse's health?” , "How are your children doing?", "How is your mother doing?" etc.

If, having entered a room where several people are, you want to shake hands with one person, on etiquette you should definitely reach out to everyone else.

A man should be regarded as a sign of special respect for him if the woman was the first to greet him. Greeting a woman on the street, a man takes off his hat and glove. When he greets someone from a distance, he makes a slight bow and touches the hat with his hand or lifts it slightly.

Appeal, that is, the word used to name the one to whom the speech is addressed, plays a very important role in etiquette, since the form of further communication depends on how you approach the person.

Conversion is the first indicator of our attitude to a person, our intentions and, in general, our common speech culture.

Attracting attention is the main task of the appeal, which is built on the basis of occupation or any other signs. The appeals include ways to attract attention without specifying the addressee. All forms of appeals are divided into two groups: appeals to strangers and to acquaintances. We begin the consideration of complaints from the first group.

In everyday business practice, when contacts between people are minimal (for example, on the street, in transport, shops, etc.), the appeal is usually expressed in the form of a question, a small request, or just a short one

h messages.

L If the appeal is expressed by a question

or a request, it begins with the words: “I'm sorry”, “I'm sorry” (less often, “I'm sorry to bother you”). There is a tinge of apology for distracting a person, asking him to pay attention to us.

In everyday communication, very often a request or question is used without the preliminary words “sorry” or “sorry”. Then they are replaced by the word “please” (for example: “Tell me, please, how to get through ...”).

However, it is not always possible to do without specific treatment. In this case, of course, the question arises: which appeal is most appropriate here?

In many languages \u200b\u200bthere are universal polite appeals to a stranger. In Polish, for example, “pan-pani,” in French, “Monsieur-Madame,” in German, “Herr-Frau,” in Spanish, “señor-señora,” and so on. In the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, there is a gap there is no word that could serve as a polite and at the same time sufficiently universal appeal to a stranger.

Until recently, in the official appeal, the appeals “comrade” and “citizen (citizen)” were adopted. The appeal "comrade" came to us in the wake of the revolutionary movement and already in the first years of Soviet power began to spread rapidly. Most often, the word "comrade" complemented the professional

the person’s affiliation (“comrade seller”, “comrade policeman”, etc.).

The word "comrade", which arose in the merchants' environment to refer to partners in the sale of goods, later began to be practiced at different levels of communication and then throughout the Soviet period became common, although it did not satisfy all the requirements of generally accepted treatment: such treatment retained a party-class character and did not distinguish a person by gender.

In modern Russia, in connection with the politicization of public life, the rejection of the norms of communication imposed by the communist regime, the word "comrade" has become disgraced in a sense because of a certain attitude towards it that has developed under the influence of the media. The political meaning of this appeal came to the fore and overshadowed all its other meanings.

The appeal “citizen”, like “comrade”, replaced after the revolution a whole series of appeals indicating the social situation of people. The modern appeal of "citizen" has two semantic connotations. The first emphasizes the officiality and severity of treatment (for example: “Citizen! You violate public order”). It is no coincidence that the convict is ordered to address the authorities in this way.

The second shade of the appeal “citizen” has a everyday sense (for example:

“Citizens, keep order”). However, in this case, the appeal “citizen” has a clear touch of officiality, emphasizing the distance between communicating. Therefore, it can not be used in all cases.

In recent years, in official and business circles, the word “Mr. (“ gentlemen ”)” * * has become the most common form of appeal, which requires a mandatory indication of a position or occupation or last name (for example: “Mr. Ambassador,” “Mr. Director”, etc. P.). This word emphasizes that people of a given social group are free and independent in their actions.

For the plural, this conversion takes the form of “llamas and gentlemen”

yach more than any other social group in modern Russia.

However, in everyday life this form of treatment has not yet become the norm. And we must admit that in our still very dysfunctional and pissed-off society, the appeal “gentleman” is not always appropriate. Indeed, many of us have clearly not grown up to “masters” because of our miserable existence. In order for you to be addressed with the word “master,” you need not only to be him, but also to feel worthy of such treatment. Apparently, it will take some more time for the words “master” and “lady” to cease to be used in an ironic sense.

Such an attitude is the legacy of the Soviet past, when class enemies were called gentlemen. And now, when we have already stopped talking about the class division of society, it would be useful not to irony, but to recall our history.

The word "master" - the owner, master, lord - was formed back in the common Slavic language using the suffix of singularity -in the word Lord.

So called not only the Lord God, but also the earthly master and lord.

If we turn to universal appeals that exist in other languages \u200b\u200b(Pan, Herr, Senior, etc.), we can see that they have the same meaning as the Russian address "master." This similarity of meanings can be explained by the universal human factor: addressing an adult in a neutral situation implies, first of all, expressed * politeness, respect and reverence.

In the meantime, many of our fellow citizens are quite happy with the faceless and somewhat offensive for a person as an individual (and not a biological individual) gender-based appeal: “man” and “woman” (for example: “Man, you forgot to surrender” or “ Woman, go ahead. ”) Such and similar appeals we increasingly hear in the store, on the street, in transport. People who speak the literary language are jarring. And this is understandable, since the appeals “man” and “woman” are outside the literary language, because they do not have a respectful connotation.

Since in today's Russia there is no established form of treatment at the household level, you can address an unfamiliar adult with the words: “Allow ...”, “Excuse me ...” or “Be so kind ...”. Young people are most conveniently treated with the words “young man” or “girl”, but only when they refer specifically to young or at least young people. In life, one can often hear how, say, an elderly saleswoman in a store speaks: “Girl, weigh me ...” Often you can hear the offended one: “What a girl I am to you!”

Thus, in many cases when you do not want to use government documents - “official appeals such as“ comrade ”,“ lord ”,“ citizen ”or sexually constructed“ man ”and“ woman ”, today's Russian is in a difficult situation. Hence the attempt, V. Soloukhina, undertaken back in the Soviet years, to artificially introduce the words “sir” and “madam.” However, this attempt was unsuccessful, apparently due to the fact that these outdated words are very difficult to make a decision turn into lively and common itelnye.

The “colleague” appeal, which is now more and more actively used in business and official communication, has a much better fate. "Colleague" means not only and not so much the very sign of a profession, but equality in it or the sameness in business or official activity. In addition, there is a respectful connotation in such an appeal, especially if you say: “Dear colleague”. Such a treatment of people to each other is most often used in the field of mental labor.

Some areas of activity have their own specific appeals. So, coming to the doctor for an appointment, we usually turn to him (regardless of whether he is a man or a woman) with the words “doctor”. Doctors themselves often use the word “colleague” when communicating with each other.

All the above cases of using forms of treatment concerned communication with strangers. Now let's talk about how to contact a friend.

The rules for contacting colleagues are usually determined by the general style of relations, as in any team. The appeal “you” first of all testifies to the high culture of the one who addresses his colleague. It emphasizes respect for him. A well-mannered and correct person always uses this polite form of addressing regardless of who he is talking with: whether his immediate boss or subordinate, a person much older than him or younger.

Turning to “you” never degrades, even if you have to talk with an unpleasant or unimportant interlocutor.

Appeal to the "you" in a business setting is undesirable. It is permissible only when it can be mutual or due to informal relations.

Often, the boss addresses the subordinate simply by his last name. Such treatment has the connotation of a lack of respect, especially in an official setting, and should be avoided. It is preferable to contact colleagues by name and patronymic, which is a manifestation of respect for them, as well as an indicator of their authority in the team.

The address only on a patronymic (Petrovich, Semenych, Nikolaich) is semi-official. It, on the one hand, shows respect for the person, but on the other, claims to be fairly close. Such an appeal is possible from the side of an elderly subordinate to a relatively young boss. Similarly, an older employee and his young boss may contact. With this treatment, the conversation usually occurs on "you."

Do not meet the requirements of etiquette and treatment by name and patronymic, but to "you", often used by the elders but age or position in communication with subordinates or younger in age.

You should not abuse the treatment only by name, and even in the American manner in an abridged version. For centuries, it has been customary in our country to respectfully name people by name and patronymic, this is our tradition. By name you can contact your closest colleagues if they are young and do not mind such treatment. However, in this case, it should be borne in mind that in an official setting, in the presence of other people, especially subordinates, you need to call each other by first name and patronymic, or, if necessary, even by last name with the addition of the word "master" (you can "comrade") .

Semi-official is also an appeal in the form of one, albeit full, name (Vladimir, Leonid, Alexander). But unlike the appeal-patronymic, it can be used in a conversation with both “you” and “you”. Most often, such an appeal is used in a serious conversation or when the speaker is dissatisfied with something.

The abbreviated form of the name (Volodya, Lenya, Sasha) is used only in an informal setting or at home when communicating with relatives and friends. Using the address by name with the suffix -k (a), for example: Volodka, Lenka, Sashka, is considered familiar, although it is quite appropriate among young people, as it indicates the simplicity and looseness of the relationship.

The rules of presentation and dating allow you to quickly establish the necessary and useful relationships. The etiquette provides certain rules indicating when and how to represent and be represented, and they should not be neglected. We indicate some of them.

The younger ones are represented or, if necessary, they themselves are presented to the elders.

A woman, regardless of age and position, is never the first man.

There may be exceptions to the last rule, for example, if this woman is a student and the man is her teacher.

In business relations, it is customary to make a presentation through an intermediary in the person of a common well-known person. In this case, they first ask permission from the person to whom they represent. If people equal in their social or official position get to know each other, the intermediary can immediately introduce the interlocutors without warning.

The official presentation formula usually sounds like this: "Let me (let) you introduce ..." After that, you need to name first name or last name. If you want to be addressed by name, call him to the other person. If you want more reverence for your person, introduce yourself by name and patronymic. When you want to emphasize the officiality of communication, name only your last name.

It is also permissible to introduce without these preceding phrases by simply calling the interlocutors: “This is Ivan Vasilievich, and this is Vera Andreevna.”

When meeting people, it is customary to say: “Very happy”, “Very nice”, “Extremely happy”, but recently these words are increasingly being dispensed with, replacing them with other ones that are more suitable for this case. Usually these are pleasant and respectful words that allow you to consolidate your acquaintance. Most often this is a compliment to the place. And if we add to this that you have already heard something about the person whom you are represented and are happy to meet in person, then this will be quite in the spirit of our time.

A submission may be one-sided when the person to whom it is presented is a person holding a high official position and therefore does not need a submission. So, introducing such a person, for example, a new young employee, the intermediary usually says: “Viktor Ivanovich, let me introduce you our new manager, Grechikhin Alexander Andreevich”. In this case, the intermediary can, if necessary, add a few words about such an employee or about the company in which he previously worked.

When you introduce someone or introduce you, try to look at the interview-

ku in the face. And smile. The acquaintance started with a benevolent smile will surely have a positive continuation for you.

To establish a business acquaintance without intermediaries is much more difficult. This requires a lot of tact, especially when the one with whom they want to meet does not see this as a great need. Then you need a reason to meet you. In business relations, it may be the presence of common business interests, mutual benefit, etc. If, however, there was an urgent need to meet you, but you did not find an acceptable reason, then, with a slight bow, just give a hand and clearly identify yourself. At the same time, one should not name one's own titles and titles (if they exist) until they ask you about it or someone from those present who knows you says it. And one more subtlety: at official receptions a woman represents herself only to a woman.

The rules of presentation and dating in an informal setting also have their conventions. So, for example, when you are invited to a home evening, to the theater or to any company, it is advisable that people be acquainted with each other by the hostess or landlord, the organizer of attending a particular event or spectacle.

In the event that you yourself arrange an evening, say, a friendly meeting, your responsibility is to meet the guests and introduce them to those already present. If guests are approximately the same age and position, then you must first be arriving later. In other cases, the general rules apply.

Dating difficulties are especially common if you come later than others. How and to whom should you introduce yourself when you see along with acquaintances and strangers? In this situation, you need to go to the owners to say hello, and politely bow to the rest of those present. But in no case should you say hello first of all to your friends, leaving other people unattended. The owner of the house will introduce you all at once and put you in an empty seat. A latecomer can later meet with his closest neighbors on the table. If you came with your wife, then, as a rule, she should introduce you, and not you her. The wife is also the first to greet the hostess and the owner.

We indicate a few more general rules for dating. When a man is introduced to a woman, he gets up and bows slightly. A woman in such cases does not get up. At the same time, she is the first to offer a man a hand, but does not shake it. In this case, a man should shake hands.

The first to reach out is the person to whom the other was introduced. A senior hand holds out to a younger one. The person who has just been introduced is patiently waiting for it to finally be possible to respond with a mutual shake of the hand.

In order to meet a lady who is in the company of a man, another man must first meet her companion.

Among peers, it is completely acceptable to name only one when meeting. Do not say, introducing your companion or companion: "This is my friend." This emphasis on personal relationships can offend others. Just say the name.

You should not imagine your companion in a short meeting (on the street, in transport). But if the conversation drags on - you need to introduce strangers to each other. When parting with a new acquaintance, it is recommended that you demonstrate your affection for him, for example, with the following words: “It was nice to meet you.”

Article 340. Copies of cassation complaints, submission. Article 341. Leaving of cassation complaints, submission without movement.

Greeting is an integral part of etiquette, good taste in society. There are many rules, accompanied by many features and exceptions.

note! Depending on gender, age, position in society, professional position, the initiative is determined.

The most common is a greeting between a man and a woman. Who should be the first to say hello to etiquette - man or woman?

A few basic rules of greeting between a man and a woman:

Senior or younger?

According to the rules of etiquette, the younger and the older always greet each other. There are practically no exceptions that relate to gender.

But still, some nuances should be considered:

An older person is the first to greet the younger if he is his subordinate.
Greeting is carried out by the elder when he addresses a stranger.
The oldest person greets first with people who will provide some services.

The exceptions relate specifically to the social status of each of the people.

Attention! Depending on the type of institution and the service provided, the employee is the first to say hello to his client, regardless of what age he is.

In all other cases, the rules of etiquette are undeniable.

Chief or subordinate?

By all rules, it is impossible for a subordinate to greet his boss first. The senior officer gives the first sign of attention to the subordinate in the form of a greeting. In this case, no other laws apply.

The boss greets first, even if:

The subordinate is older than him by years.
An employee with whom he is unfamiliar addresses the boss.
The employee did not notice the boss.

Thus, the tone is set for normal social relations that form a healthy corporate ethics.

Junior or senior?

It’s right when the youngest greets the elder, as mentioned above, but there are social provisions that circumvent this rule of good form.

Often, exceptions relate to the characteristics of certain professions that require publicity.

Sometimes these are life situations:

The teacher greets the children first at the beginning of the lesson.
The first person to welcome an audience of any age.
Recourse.

Sometimes the rules are ignored, but this is a gross violation of any ethical standards, which is not permissible in a well-educated society.

Guest or host?

In accordance with the rules of good form, the owner of the house and all households were the first to greet. The guest, in turn, responds with a greeting.

In this case, it is worth considering some nuances, since the action can occur between more than two people.

Even if the guest came to one of the family members, then all households should go to the meeting as a guest. If necessary, everyone returns back to their business.
Same situation happenswhen the guest leaves the house.
If the owner cannot go out to meet the guest, then the greeting is carried out twice - while the guest is not visible, and when he comes up.

Thus, people show their hospitality and affection for the person who visited them.

Seller or buyer?

In this situation, many questions may arise.. It all depends on what angle to consider the interaction of people of a given position relative to each other.

In most cases, it all depends on the situation: what goods are sold, what size the store is, what trade rules are implemented.

According to the rules of etiquette, the first to greet the one who entered the room.
The first person to greet is the one who needs services and turns to the seller.
For corporate ethics, the seller should greet first.
If the seller wants to help in the selection or to draw attention to himself, he greets first.

If the seller in addition to his working status is familiar, then here you can take into account age and gender.

Child or adult?

In this situation, the rule applies: the first is the one who is younger.

But in some social situations, exceptions may occur:

If the child is a buyer, then he should be greeted first.
The teacher, starting the lesson, welcomes the children first.
If you want to draw the attention of the child to yourself.

Basically, young children with great pleasure are the first to welcome everyone. With older children it is worth having a conversation about the rules of etiquette.

Why can't you say hello across the threshold?

In addition to the rules of decency, there are signs. The rule of etiquette coincides with beliefs.

Reasons why not:

The threshold represents the border of two worlds.
Instruction from the ancestors.
The threshold is the place of residence of the brownie.
People living each other should be within the boundaries of one space according to the rules of etiquette.

Basically, the ban refers to supernatural meanings. Similar beliefs exist in other cultures.

How to greet a priest?

There are special rules for the salutation of clergymen, which relate to church ethics.

In order not to violate traditions, it’s worth remembering a few simple rules on how to greet people with spiritual rank:

An appeal to the minister of the church sounds: “Bless.”
In the process of blessing, the priest uses Christian supplies, then he stands to cross himself with his right hand.
Do not ask for any special blessing when you meet outside the temple.

One cannot say hello to the priest, as the laity do among themselves with the word "hello."

How to greet in different countries of the world?

Greetings play a huge role in every culture.

To show respect for a representative of a certain nationality, faith, it is worth knowing exactly what signs you need to show in the process of health:

Muslims shake hands more often, which is accompanied by the application of the right hand to the heart.
This tradition came from Europe. Very close friends hug and kiss twice. In Turkey, for example, men just kiss each other.
But the greeting between the opposite sex is practically absent.
Chinese, Japanese have the same manner - bow with a special laying of hands in front of him.
Armenians and Tatars greet each other basically only with words.
Slavs, like Europeans greet with a handshake or a voice greeting.
Jews make a light bow heads with the words "Shalom."

In the modern world, the most relevant way to greet is a handshake between men, a sound hello between women.

The concept and structure of marketing product promotion

Definition 1

Product promotion is a set of works and activities to bring information about the benefits of the product to potential consumers and stimulate their desire to make a purchase.

Promotion is carried out through the tools of marketing communications: advertising, sales promotion, public relations and personal sales.

The main functions of promotion:

the formation of an image of prestige, innovation and, at the same time, moderate prices (consumers will be able to distinguish goods from others);
positive information about the company (it is growing due to reviews, recommendations, as well as the participation of social projects, sponsorship, etc.);
bringing information about the product and its characteristics to the consumer;
maintaining the popularity of goods (a reminder of the importance and necessity of the goods in the life of consumers);
changing the way products or products are used (eliminating stereotypes of perception of goods that do not always meet the expectations of the manufacturer and supplier);
feedback from consumers (answers to questions of interest, complaints, recommendations, etc.);
the formation of enthusiasm among all participants in the promotion (stimulation at each stage of bringing products to the end consumer, stimulation of final demand);
persuading buyers to switch to buying expensive goods (over time, price becomes not a decisive factor when choosing products, consumers want to purchase unique products).

Definition 2

Promotion structure is a complex of types of promotion, which includes marketing communications tools. In addition to this also include product design and packaging.

As a rule, the majority of the marketing budget, on average 60%, is spent on product promotion. A correct approach to the use of tools and methods of promotion is necessary, so that both costs are paid off and consumers are satisfied with the purchase (price / quality).

Marketing promotion strategies

A marketing promotion strategy allows the company to determine the current market position of a given brand or product, to analyze the market situation, the competitive environment. The promotion strategy allows you to set goals and objectives that need to be implemented, to determine ways and means to achieve them.

Definition 3

Remark 1

The purpose of the strategy is to encourage consumers to make purchases of goods and services of a particular company.

There are two main promotion strategies:

compulsion strategy;
push strategy.

The first strategy is aimed at the final consumer of goods with the aim of forcing trading companies to purchase goods in demand. Another name is strategies - pull. It involves an active advertising campaign that targets the end consumer through the media. The consumer receives a message or incentive (discount, special offer or coupon), is interested in the goods at the outlet. This forces owners to order products that are in demand. There is a construction of the return chain: the retailer orders the goods from the wholesale company, which makes an application to the manufacturer. The strategy of coercion is used at the last stage of production. Therefore, by the time it enters the market, the consumer has already created an attitude towards this product.

The second strategy is aimed at the reseller, so that he himself promotes the goods through the channel of distribution to the final consumer. This strategy is also called push. It involves the imposition of goods on consumers through targeted advertising and sales promotion activities in relation to intermediaries. The push strategy must first be directed to wholesalers and retailers. Special events are developed for them, such as a preferential procurement regime, special offers, etc. The final goal of applying this strategy is the formation of mutually beneficial relations between participants in promotion channels. At the same time, the product is “pushed” to the market through the channel, and the process of its promotion is carried out non-stop to the final customer. This strategy has a narrow focus and high cost, since careful work is ongoing with resellers, which increases the cost of industrial advertising and, as a result, minimizes the cost of consumer advertising.

The choice of a marketing promotion strategy is influenced by the specifics of the product itself, the image of a reseller, the location of the target audience, etc.

Modern methods of product promotion

There is a set of traditional methods of promotion, but success is achieved by the company that takes an integrated approach to promotion. Therefore, at the present stage of development of the organization, the following promotion methods are used:

advertising;
direct marketing;
telemarketing;
relationship marketing;
printed products;
sales support, etc.

Remark 2

An integrated approach involves the application of all methods in a complex. In this case, a synergistic effect takes place: 1 + 1 \u003d 3. Individually, each promotion method produces less result than the aggregate

Nowadays, promotion methods such as:

event marketing
promotions;
merchandising;
the use of packaging as a means of promotion.

An effective method of promotion is Internet promotion. This is the creation of Internet sites, promotion through social networks and various advertising campaigns. Of particular popularity is promotion through social networks or SMM. Companies or stores create profiles or groups with social media (Vkontakte, Facebook or Instagram) and attract subscribers who turn into customers.

Promotion in marketing ( promotion, promotion, promo) - a set of marketing measures aimed at increasing demand and, as a result, increasing sales.

Product Promotion - any of the possible forms of communication used to inform, persuade and remind about their goods, services, social activities and their impact on society.

Promotion Goals: inform or remind about the offer, stimulate demand and improve the image of the brand, product and company.

Promotion Challenges. Carrying out sales marketing activities related to promotion solve a number of problems:

Increase the overall size of the market;
Increase the volume of your own tasks;
Increase in market share;
Support or formation of a marketing channel (distribution, dealer dealers);
Counterattack opponent's offers;
Provide awareness of the product, brand or company;
Affect consumer requests;
Overcome the prejudices of the target audience associated with past failures, new products, etc .;
Increase the volume and frequency of purchases;
Build trust in the target audience;
To influence the decision of buyers to buy goods;
Inform consumers about your offers.

Promotion Functions:

image creation (image: prestige, low prices, innovations, etc.);
informing about the product and its parameters, the essence of the proposal;
maintaining the popularity of goods (services), supporting knowledge of them with Central Asia;
change in the image of the goods;
creating loyalty among the participants of the marketing channel;
customer conviction;
informational support of consumers, buyers; answers to consumer questions;
distribution of company information.

Promotion Activities include:

advertising on various advertising media, promotions;
consumer events;
publication of information articles;
statements and publications by opinion leaders;
exhibitions, conferences, symposia, round tables;
briefings, press conferences;
master classes, seminars and webinars;
P.O.S. materials (from the English. Point of Sales - points of sale);
direct hotline;

Trade promotion(trade promotion) - stimulation of the sales network in order to develop distribution, accelerate turnover and increase sales, focused on sales personnel, wholesale buyers, resellers and consultants.

Consumer Promotion (sales promotion,consumer promotion) - promotion aimed at the buyer, events that introduce potential consumers to the product, stimulate demand, increase brand awareness, improve image. Depending on the goals and objectives, various promotions are used:

distribution of product samples;
distribution of advertising materials, sampling;
consultations at points of sale;
tastings;
gift for purchase;
raffle prizes;
exchange of competitors' products for a promoted product.

Cross promotion (cross-promotion) - the technology of cross promotion consists in the fact that two or more companies implement joint programs aimed at promoting sales or raising awareness of all goods (services) involved in the promotion process.

Search promotion - Improving the position of the site in the issuance of the largest search engines for certain key queries relevant to the subject of the site. Search engine promotion allows you to improve the site’s position in the SERPs by exposing it to natural and non-natural links. Search engine promotion allows you to increase site traffic and increase its financial return.

Promotion in social networks - a set of marketing events and tools in the formed promotion strategy aimed at attracting visitors and forming a loyal target audience in social media (social networks).

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